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Recently, a purely quantum version of polar codes has been proposed in [1] based on a quantum channel combining and splitting procedure, where a randomly chosen two-qubit Clifford unitary acts as channel combining operation. Here, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-12 Ashutosh Goswami , Mehdi Mhalla , Valentin Savin

Recently, usage of detecting regions facilitated the discovery of new circuits for fault-tolerantly implementing the surface code. Building on these ideas, we present LUCI, a framework for constructing fault-tolerant circuits flexible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Dripto M. Debroy , Matt McEwen , Craig Gidney , Noah Shutty , Adam Zalcman

We present a comprehensive and self-contained framework for the efficient classical simulation of Clifford circuits acting on $d$-dimensional qudits, including realistic Pauli/Weyl noise via stochastic simulation. Our approach uses the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-26 Nina Brandl , Mykyta Cherniak , Johannes Kofler , Richard Kueng

Various realizations of Kitaev's surface code perform surprisingly well for biased Pauli noise. Attracted by these potential gains, we study the performance of Clifford-deformed surface codes (CDSCs) obtained from the surface code by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-21 Arpit Dua , Aleksander Kubica , Liang Jiang , Steven T. Flammia , Michael J. Gullans

Quantum error correction is essential for bridging the gap between the error rates of physical devices and the extremely low logical error rates required for quantum algorithms. Recent error-correction demonstrations on superconducting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Nathan Lacroix , Alexandre Bourassa , Francisco J. H. Heras , Lei M. Zhang , Johannes Bausch , Andrew W. Senior , Thomas Edlich , Noah Shutty , Volodymyr Sivak , Andreas Bengtsson , Matt McEwen , Oscar Higgott , Dvir Kafri , Jahan Claes , Alexis Morvan , Zijun Chen , Adam Zalcman , Sid Madhuk , Rajeev Acharya , Laleh Aghababaie Beni , Georg Aigeldinger , Ross Alcaraz , Trond I. Andersen , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Juan Atalaya , Ryan Babbush , Brian Ballard , Joseph C. Bardin , Alexander Bilmes , Sam Blackwell , Jenna Bovaird , Dylan Bowers , Leon Brill , Michael Broughton , David A. Browne , Brett Buchea , Bob B. Buckley , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Anthony Cabrera , Juan Campero , Hung-Shen Chang , Ben Chiaro , Liang-Ying Chih , Agnetta Y. Cleland , Josh Cogan , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , William Courtney , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Sayan Das , Sean Demura , Laura De Lorenzo , Agustin Di Paolo , Paul Donohoe , Ilya Drozdov , Andrew Dunsworth , Alec Eickbusch , Aviv Moshe Elbag , Mahmoud Elzouka , Catherine Erickson , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Suhas Ganjam , Gonzalo Garcia , Robert Gasca , Élie Genois , William Giang , Dar Gilboa , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Dietrich Graumann , Alex Greene , Jonathan A. Gross , Tan Ha , Steve Habegger , Monica Hansen , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Stephen Heslin , Paula Heu , Reno Hiltermann , Jeremy Hilton , Sabrina Hong , Hsin-Yuan Huang , Ashley Huff , William J. Huggins , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Xiaoxuan Jin , Chaitali Joshi , Pavol Juhas , Andreas Kabel , Hui Kang , Amir H. Karamlou , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Trupti Khaire , Tanuj Khattar , Mostafa Khezri , Seon Kim , Paul V. Klimov , Bryce Kobrin , Alexander N. Korotkov , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , Vladislav D. Kurilovich , David Landhuis , Tiano Lange-Dei , Brandon W. Langley , Pavel Laptev , Kim-Ming Lau , Justin Ledford , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Loïck Le Guevel , Wing Yan Li , Yin Li , Alexander T. Lill , William P. Livingston , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Daniel Lundahl , Aaron Lunt , Ashley Maloney , Salvatore Mandrà , Leigh S. Martin , Orion Martin , Cameron Maxfield , Jarrod R. McClean , Seneca Meeks , Anthony Megrant , Kevin C. Miao , Reza Molavi , Sebastian Molina , Shirin Montazeri , Ramis Movassagh , Charles Neill , Michael Newman , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Chia-Hung Ni , Murphy Y. Niu , Logan Oas , William D. Oliver , Raymond Orosco , Kristoffer Ottosson , Alex Pizzuto , Rebecca Potter , Orion Pritchard , Chris Quintana , Ganesh Ramachandran , Matthew J. Reagor , Rachel Resnick , David M. Rhodes , Gabrielle Roberts , Eliott Rosenberg , Emma Rosenfeld , Elizabeth Rossi , Pedram Roushan , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Henry F. Schurkus , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Vladimir Shvarts , Spencer Small , W. Clarke Smith , Sofia Springer , George Sterling , Jordan Suchard , Aaron Szasz , Alex Sztein , Douglas Thor , Eifu Tomita , Alfredo Torres , M. Mert Torunbalci , Abeer Vaishnav , Justin Vargas , Sergey Vdovichev , Guifre Vidal , Catherine Vollgraff Heidweiller , Steven Waltman , Jonathan Waltz , Shannon X. Wang , Brayden Ware , Travis Weidel , Theodore White , Kristi Wong , Bryan W. K. Woo , Maddy Woodson , Cheng Xing , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Bicheng Ying , Juhwan Yoo , Noureldin Yosri , Grayson Young , Yaxing Zhang , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Hartmut Neven , Pushmeet Kohli , Alex Davies , Sergio Boixo , Julian Kelly , Cody Jones , Craig Gidney , Kevin J. Satzinger

The surface code is one of the most successful approaches to topological quantum error-correction. It boasts the smallest known syndrome extraction circuits and correspondingly largest thresholds. Defect-based logical encodings of a new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-26 Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac H. Kim

Fault-tolerant operations based on stabilizer codes are the state of the art in suppressing error rates in quantum computations. Most such codes do not permit a straightforward implementation of non-Clifford logical operations, which are…

Logical qubits can be protected from decoherence by performing QEC cycles repeatedly. Algorithms for fault-tolerant QEC must be compiled to the specific hardware platform under consideration in order to practically realize a quantum memory…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Sascha Heußen , David F. Locher , Markus Müller

In this paper, we derive optimized measurement-free protocols for quantum error correction and the implementation of a universal gate set optimized for an error model that is noise biased . The noise bias is adapted for neutral atom…

The constituent parts of a quantum computer are inherently vulnerable to errors. To this end we have developed quantum error-correcting codes to protect quantum information from noise. However, discovering codes that are capable of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Benjamin J. Brown , Naomi H. Nickerson , Dan E. Browne

This paper explores a new approach to fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC), relying on quantum polar codes. We consider quantum polar codes of Calderbank-Shor-Steane type, encoding one logical qubit, which we refer to as $\mathcal{Q}_1$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Ashutosh Goswami , Mehdi Mhalla , Valentin Savin

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance make it possible to perform quantum computations in the presence of imprecision and imperfections of realistic devices. An important question is to find the noise rate at which errors can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-30 Christopher Chamberland , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Raymond Laflamme

We investigate the amount of noise required to turn a universal quantum gate set into one that can be efficiently modelled classically. This question is useful for providing upper bounds on fault tolerant thresholds, and for understanding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. Virmani , Susana F. Huelga , Martin B. Plenio

We propose a scheme for the fault-tolerant implementation of arbitrary Clifford circuits. To achieve this, we extend previous work on flag gadgets for syndrome extraction to a general framework that flags any Clifford circuit. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Benjamin Anker , Milad Marvian

Arithmetic operations are an important component of many quantum algorithms. As such, coming up with optimized quantum circuits for these operations leads to more efficient implementations of the corresponding algorithms. In this paper, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Alexandru Gheorghiu , Hari Krovi

Quantum error correction requires the detection of errors by reliable measurements of suitable multi-qubit correlation operators. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a fault-tolerant weight-4 parity check measurement scheme. An additional…

In this paper we do a detailed numerical investigation of the fault-tolerant threshold for optical cluster-state quantum computation. Our noise model allows both photon loss and depolarizing noise, as a general proxy for all types of local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Christopher M. Dawson , Henry L. Haselgrove , Michael A. Nielsen

The repetition code is an important primitive for the techniques of quantum error correction. Here we implement repetition codes of at most $15$ qubits on the $16$ qubit \emph{ibmqx3} device. Each experiment is run for a single round of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-31 James R. Wootton , Daniel Loss

We consider a two-dimensional quantum memory of qubits on a torus which encode the extended Fibonaccistring-net code, and devise strategies for error correction when those qubits are subjected to depolarizing noise.Building on the concept…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-12 Alexis Schotte , Guanyu Zhu , Lander Burgelman , Frank Verstraete

Noisy hardware forms one of the main hurdles to the realization of a near-term quantum internet. Distillation protocols allows one to overcome this noise at the cost of an increased overhead. We consider here an experimentally relevant…