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The deployment of transformers for visual object tracking has shown state-of-the-art results on several benchmarks. However, the transformer-based models are under-utilized for Siamese lightweight tracking due to the computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Goutam Yelluru Gopal , Maria A. Amer

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive proficiency on logic and programming tasks, often rivaling expert-level performance. However, generating functionally correct hardware description language (HDL) code from natural…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Matthew DeLorenzo , Kevin Tieu , Prithwish Jana , Piyush Jha , Dileep Kalathil , Vijay Ganesh , Jeyavijayan Rajendran

Transformers have become the cornerstone of modern large-scale language models, but their reliance on softmax attention poses a computational bottleneck at both training and inference. Recurrent models offer high efficiency, but compressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Xiuying Wei , Anunay Yadav , Razvan Pascanu , Caglar Gulcehre

Transformers have become the go-to architecture for language and vision tasks, yet their theoretical properties, especially memorization capacity, remain elusive. This paper investigates the memorization abilities of multi-head attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Sadegh Mahdavi , Renjie Liao , Christos Thrampoulidis

Non-hierarchical sparse attention Transformer-based models, such as Longformer and Big Bird, are popular approaches to working with long documents. There are clear benefits to these approaches compared to the original Transformer in terms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Ilias Chalkidis , Xiang Dai , Manos Fergadiotis , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Desmond Elliott

Adapter modules, additional trainable parameters that enable efficient fine-tuning of pretrained transformers, have recently been used for language specialization of multilingual transformers, improving downstream zero-shot cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Marko Vidoni , Ivan Vulić , Goran Glavaš

The dot product self-attention (DPSA) is a fundamental component of transformers. However, scaling them to long sequences, like documents or high-resolution images, becomes prohibitively expensive due to quadratic time and memory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Pourya Shamsolmoali , Masoumeh Zareapoor , Eric Granger , Michael Felsberg

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive performance in generative tasks but also introduce significant challenges in real-world serving due to inefficient use of the expensive, computation-optimized accelerators.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Shaoyuan Chen , Wencong Xiao , Yutong Lin , Mingxing Zhang , Yingdi Shan , Jinlei Jiang , Kang Chen , Yongwei Wu

Modern autoregressive models rely on attention, yet the Softmax full attention in Transformers scales quadratically with sequence length. Sliding Window Attention (SWA) achieves linear-time encoding/decoding by constraining the attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jiaxu Liu , Yuhe Bai , Xiangyu Yin , Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Large language models exhibit sophisticated capabilities, yet understanding how they work internally remains a central challenge. A fundamental obstacle is that training selects for behavior, not circuitry, so many weight configurations can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Joshua S. Schiffman

Designing a single neural network architecture that performs competitively across a range of molecule property prediction tasks remains largely an open challenge, and its solution may unlock a widespread use of deep learning in the drug…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Łukasz Maziarka , Tomasz Danel , Sławomir Mucha , Krzysztof Rataj , Jacek Tabor , Stanisław Jastrzębski

Transformer models have achieved promising performances in point cloud segmentation. However, most existing attention schemes provide the same feature learning paradigm for all points equally and overlook the enormous difference in size…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Junjie Zhou , Yongping Xiong , Chinwai Chiu , Fangyu Liu , Xiangyang Gong

In this paper, we introduce Attention Prompt Tuning (APT) - a computationally efficient variant of prompt tuning for video-based applications such as action recognition. Prompt tuning approaches involve injecting a set of learnable prompts…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Wele Gedara Chaminda Bandara , Vishal M. Patel

Chain-of-thought (CoT) significantly enhances the performance of large language models (LLMs) across a wide range of tasks, and prior research shows that CoT can theoretically increase expressiveness. However, there is limited mechanistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yifan Zhang , Wenyu Du , Dongming Jin , Jie Fu , Zhi Jin

We study two strange phenomena in auto-regressive Transformers: (1) the dominance of the first token in attention heads; (2) the occurrence of large outlier activations in the hidden states. We find that popular large language models, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Prannay Kaul , Chengcheng Ma , Ismail Elezi , Jiankang Deng

Chain of thought is a natural inference-time method for increasing the computational power of transformer-based large language models (LLMs), but comes at the cost of sequential decoding. Are there more efficient alternatives to expand a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 William Merrill , Ashish Sabharwal

Multimodal Transformers serve as the backbone for state-of-the-art vision-language models, yet their quadratic attention complexity remains a critical barrier to scalability. In this work, we investigate the viability of Linear Attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Armin Gerami , Seyedehanita Madani , Ramani Duraiswami

We analyse the complexity of the satisfiability problem, or similarly feasibility problem, (trSAT) for transformer encoders (TE), which naturally occurs in formal verification or interpretation, collectively referred to as formal reasoning.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Marco Sälzer , Eric Alsmann , Martin Lange

Various linear complexity models, such as Linear Transformer (LinFormer), State Space Model (SSM), and Linear RNN (LinRNN), have been proposed to replace the conventional softmax attention in Transformer structures. However, the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Yuhong Chou , Man Yao , Kexin Wang , Yuqi Pan , Ruijie Zhu , Yiran Zhong , Yu Qiao , Jibin Wu , Bo Xu , Guoqi Li

Transformers are ubiquitous in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, but they are difficult to be deployed on hardware due to the intensive computation. To enable low-latency inference on resource-constrained hardware platforms, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Hanrui Wang , Zhanghao Wu , Zhijian Liu , Han Cai , Ligeng Zhu , Chuang Gan , Song Han