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In recent years, there has been remarkable progress in machine learning for protein-protein interactions. However, prior work has predominantly focused on improving learning algorithms, with less attention paid to evaluation strategies and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Anton Bushuiev , Roman Bushuiev , Jiri Sedlar , Tomas Pluskal , Jiri Damborsky , Stanislav Mazurenko , Josef Sivic

Protein-ligand interactions (PLIs) are fundamental to biochemical research and their identification is crucial for estimating biophysical and biochemical properties for rational therapeutic design. Currently, experimental characterization…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-01 Carter Knutson , Mridula Bontha , Jenna A. Bilbrey , Neeraj Kumar

Generating molecules that bind to specific proteins is an important but challenging task in drug discovery. Previous works usually generate atoms in an auto-regressive way, where element types and 3D coordinates of atoms are generated one…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-16 Haitao Lin , Yufei Huang , Odin Zhang , Siqi Ma , Meng Liu , Xuanjing Li , Lirong Wu , Jishui Wang , Tingjun Hou , Stan Z. Li

The identification of novel drug-target (DT) interactions is a substantial part of the drug discovery process. Most of the computational methods that have been proposed to predict DT interactions have focused on binary classification, where…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-06 Hakime Öztürk , Elif Ozkirimli , Arzucan Özgür

Rich data and powerful machine learning models allow us to design drugs for a specific protein target \textit{in silico}. Recently, the inclusion of 3D structures during targeted drug design shows superior performance to other target-free…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-03-08 Jiaqi Guan , Wesley Wei Qian , Xingang Peng , Yufeng Su , Jian Peng , Jianzhu Ma

Being able to identify regions within or around proteins, to which ligands can potentially bind, is an essential step to develop new drugs. Binding site identification methods can now profit from the availability of large amounts of 3D…

We present TerraBind, a foundation model for protein-ligand structure and binding affinity prediction that achieves 26-fold faster inference than state-of-the-art methods while improving affinity prediction accuracy by $\sim$20\%. Current…

The field of drug discovery hinges on the accurate prediction of binding affinity between prospective drug molecules and target proteins, especially when such proteins directly influence disease progression. However, estimating binding…

We study a fundamental problem in structure-based drug design -- generating molecules that bind to specific protein binding sites. While we have witnessed the great success of deep generative models in drug design, the existing methods are…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-11-15 Shitong Luo , Jiaqi Guan , Jianzhu Ma , Jian Peng

Scaling deep learning models has been at the heart of recent revolutions in language modelling and image generation. Practitioners have observed a strong relationship between model size, dataset size, and performance. However,…

Proteins are central to biological systems, participating as building blocks across all forms of life. Despite advancements in understanding protein functions through protein sequence analysis, there remains potential for further…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunqing Liu , Wenqi Fan , Xiaoyong Wei , Qing Li

Accurate prediction of binding sites of a given protein, to which ligands can bind, is a critical step in structure-based computational drug discovery. Recently, Equivariant Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Animesh , Plaban Kumar Bhowmick , Pralay Mitra

Prediction of protein-ligand interactions (PLI) plays a crucial role in drug discovery as it guides the identification and optimization of molecules that effectively bind to target proteins. Despite remarkable advances in deep…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-07-18 Seokhyun Moon , Sang-Yeon Hwang , Jaechang Lim , Woo Youn Kim

Prediction of protein-ligand binding affinity is a major goal in drug discovery. Generally, free energy gap is calculated between two states (e.g., ligand binding and unbinding). The energy gap implicitly includes the effects of changes in…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-20 Ikki Yasuda , Katsuhiro Endo , Eiji Yamamoto , Yoshinori Hirano , Kenji Yasuoka

Computational models that accurately predict the binding affinity of an input protein-chemical pair can accelerate drug discovery studies. These models are trained on available protein-chemical interaction datasets, which may contain…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2023-01-10 Rıza Özçelik , Alperen Bağ , Berk Atıl , Melih Barsbey , Arzucan Özgür , Elif Özkırımlı

Protein-ligand binding is the process by which a small molecule (drug or inhibitor) attaches to a target protein. Binding affinity, which characterizes the strength of biomolecular interactions, is essential for tackling diverse challenges…

Protein-ligand complex structures have been utilised to design benchmark machine learning methods that perform important tasks related to drug design such as receptor binding site detection, small molecule docking and binding affinity…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2021-08-26 Rishal Aggarwal , Akash Gupta , U Deva Priyakumar

Accurate prediction of drug-target binding affinity can accelerate drug discovery by prioritizing promising compounds before costly wet-lab screening. While deep learning has advanced this task, most models fuse ligand and protein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Mohammadsaleh Refahi , Bahrad A. Sokhansanj , James R. Brown , Gail Rosen

Designing protein-binding proteins with high affinity is critical in biomedical research and biotechnology. Despite recent advancements targeting specific proteins, the ability to create high-affinity binders for arbitrary protein targets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zhenqiao Song , Tiaoxiao Li , Lei Li , Martin Renqiang Min

Generating novel active molecules for a given protein is an extremely challenging task for generative models that requires an understanding of the complex physical interactions between the molecule and its environment. In this paper, we…