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Automating hardware design could obviate a significant amount of human error from the engineering process and lead to fewer errors. Verilog is a popular hardware description language to model and design digital systems, thus generating…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Shailja Thakur , Baleegh Ahmad , Zhenxing Fan , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Ramesh Karri , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Siddharth Garg

Recent advances in large language models have improved code generation, but their use in hardware description languages is still limited. Moreover, training data and testbenches for these models are often scarce. This paper presents a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Mu-Chi Chen , Po-Hsuan Huang , Yu-Hung Kao , Yen-Fu Liu , Yu-Kai Hung , Cheng Liang , Shao-Chun Ho , Chia-Heng Tu , Shih-Hao Hung

Despite limited success in large language model (LLM)-based register-transfer-level (RTL) code generation, the root causes of errors remain poorly understood. To address this, we conduct a comprehensive error analysis, finding that most…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiazheng Zhang , Cheng Liu , Long Cheng , Xiaowei Li , Huawei Li

In this study, we explore the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate hardware design by generating high-quality Verilog code, a common language for designing and modeling digital systems. We fine-tune pre-existing LLMs on…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Shailja Thakur , Baleegh Ahmad , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Brendan Dolan-Gavitt , Ramesh Karri , Siddharth Garg

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining popularity for hardware design automation, particularly through Register Transfer Level (RTL) code generation. In this work, we examine the current literature on RTL generation using LLMs and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Paul E. Calzada , Zahin Ibnat , Tanvir Rahman , Kamal Kandula , Danyu Lu , Sujan Kumar Saha , Farimah Farahmandi , Mark Tehranipoor

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently achieved strong performance in software code generation. However, applying them to hardware description languages (HDLs), such as Verilog, remains challenging because high-quality training data are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yan Tan , Tong Liu , Xiangchen Meng , Yangdi Lyu

The increasing popularity of large language models (LLMs) has paved the way for their application in diverse domains. This paper proposes a benchmarking framework tailored specifically for evaluating LLM performance in the context of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Mingjie Liu , Nathaniel Pinckney , Brucek Khailany , Haoxing Ren

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown significant potential for automating hardware description language (HDL) code generation from high-level natural language instructions. While fine-tuning has improved LLMs'…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yi Liu , Changran Xu , Yunhao Zhou , Zeju Li , Qiang Xu

Recent advancements in code generation have shown remarkable success across software domains, yet hardware description languages (HDLs) such as Verilog remain underexplored due to their concurrency semantics, syntactic rigidity, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Fu Teng , Miao Pan , Xuhong Zhang , Zhezhi He , Yiyao Yang , Xinyi Chai , Mengnan Qi , Liqiang Lu , Jianwei Yin

Recently, the use of large language models (LLMs) for software code generation, e.g., C/C++ and Python, has proven a great success. However, LLMs still suffer from low syntactic and functional correctness when it comes to the generation of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Mingzhe Gao , Jieru Zhao , Zhe Lin , Wenchao Ding , Xiaofeng Hou , Yu Feng , Chao Li , Minyi Guo

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating software code for high-level programming languages such as Python and C++. However, their application to hardware description languages, such as Verilog,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yan Tan , Xiangchen Meng , Zijun Jiang , Yangdi Lyu

The ever-growing popularity of large language models (LLMs) has resulted in their increasing adoption for hardware design and verification. Prior research has attempted to assess the capability of LLMs to automate digital hardware design by…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Sneha Swaroopa , Rijoy Mukherjee , Anushka Debnath , Rajat Subhra Chakraborty

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked growing interest in applying them to Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tasks, particularly Register Transfer Level (RTL) code generation. While several RTL datasets have been…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Anjiang Wei , Huanmi Tan , Tarun Suresh , Daniel Mendoza , Thiago S. F. X. Teixeira , Ke Wang , Caroline Trippel , Alex Aiken

Large language models (LLMs) are playing an increasingly large role in domains such as code generation, including hardware code generation, where Verilog is the key language. However, the amount of publicly available Verilog code pales in…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Charles Hong , Brendan Roberts , Huijae An , Alex Um , Advay Ratan , Yakun Sophia Shao

The automatic generation of RTL code (e.g., Verilog) using natural language instructions and large language models (LLMs) has attracted significant research interest recently. However, most existing approaches heavily rely on commercial…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Shang Liu , Wenji Fang , Yao Lu , Qijun Zhang , Hongce Zhang , Zhiyao Xie

Traditionally, designs are written in Verilog hardware description language (HDL) and debugged by hardware engineers. While this approach is effective, it is time-consuming and error-prone for complex designs. Large language models (LLMs)…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Shailja Thakur , Jason Blocklove , Hammond Pearce , Benjamin Tan , Siddharth Garg , Ramesh Karri

Recent advances in large language models have demonstrated their potential for automated generation of hardware description language (HDL) code from high-level prompts. Researchers have utilized fine-tuning to enhance the ability of these…

As an essential part of modern hardware design, manually writing Register Transfer Level (RTL) code such as Verilog is often labor-intensive. Following the tremendous success of large language models (LLMs), researchers have begun to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Junliang Lv , Xiao Xiao , Xiaochun Ye

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating software code for high-level programming languages such as Python and C++. However, their application to hardware description languages, such as Verilog,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Yan Tan , Xiangchen Meng , Zijun Jiang , Yangdi Lyu

Recent advances have demonstrated the promising capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in generating register-transfer level (RTL) code, such as Verilog. However, existing LLM-based frameworks still face significant challenges in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jian Zuo , Junzhe Liu , Xianyong Wang , Yicheng Liu , Navya Goli , Tong Xu , Hao Zhang , Umamaheswara Rao Tida , Zhenge Jia , Mengying Zhao
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