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This paper studies the universal approximation property of deep neural networks for representing probability distributions. Given a target distribution $\pi$ and a source distribution $p_z$ both defined on $\mathbb{R}^d$, we prove under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Yulong Lu , Jianfeng Lu

The regression of a functional response on a set of scalar predictors can be a challenging task, especially if there is a large number of predictors, or the relationship between those predictors and the response is nonlinear. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-24 Sidi Wu , Cédric Beaulac , Jiguo Cao

In comparison to classical shallow representation learning techniques, deep neural networks have achieved superior performance in nearly every application benchmark. But despite their clear empirical advantages, it is still not well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Calvin Murdock , George Cazenavette , Simon Lucey

In this paper, feedforward neural networks are presented that have nonlinear weight functions based on look--up tables, that are specially smoothed in a regularization called the diffusion. The idea of such a type of networks is based on…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Artur Rataj

The mean field algorithm is a widely used approximate inference algorithm for graphical models whose exact inference is intractable. In each iteration of mean field, the approximate marginals for each variable are updated by getting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-10-23 Yujia Li , Richard Zemel

We review several of the most widely used techniques for training recurrent neural networks to approximate dynamical systems, then describe a novel algorithm for this task. The algorithm is based on an earlier theoretical result that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-06-09 Adam Trischler , Gabriele MT D'Eleuterio

We show that deep neural networks, including transformers and RNNs, pretrained as usual on next-token prediction, intrinsically discover and represent beliefs over 'quantum' and 'post-quantum' low-dimensional generative models of their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Paul M. Riechers , Thomas J. Elliott , Adam S. Shai

In this paper, we extend several approximation theorems, originally formulated in the context of the standard $L^p$ norm, to the more general framework of variable exponent spaces. Our study is motivated by applications in neural networks,…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-04-22 Mitsuo Izuki , Takahiro Noi , Yoshihiro Sawano , Hirokazu Tanaka

This paper studies the approximation capabilities of neural networks that combine layer normalization (LN) with linear layers. We prove that networks consisting of two linear layers with parallel layer normalizations (PLNs) inserted between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yunhao Ni , Yuxin Guo , Yuhe Liu , Wenxin Sun , Jie Luo , Wenjun Wu , Lei Huang

Neural networks are a convenient way to automatically fit functions that are too complex to be described by hand. The downside of this approach is that it leads to build a black-box without understanding what happened inside. Finding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Théo Nancy , Vassili Maillet , Johann Barbier

Graph Neural Networks (GNN) come in many flavors, but should always be either invariant (permutation of the nodes of the input graph does not affect the output) or equivariant (permutation of the input permutes the output). In this paper,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Nicolas Keriven , Gabriel Peyré

We propose a hierarchical training algorithm for standard feed-forward neural networks that adaptively extends the network architecture as soon as the optimization reaches a stationary point. By solving small (low-dimensional) optimization…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-31 Michael Feischl , Alexander Rieder , Fabian Zehetgruber

Recently, versions of neural networks with infinite-dimensional affine operators inside the computational units (``neural operator'' networks) have been applied to learn solutions to differential equations. To enable practical computations,…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Vinícius Luz Oliveira , Vladimir G. Pestov

Inspired by biology, spiking neural networks (SNNs) process information via discrete spikes over time, offering an energy-efficient alternative to the classical computing paradigm and classical artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shayan Hundrieser , Philipp Tuchel , Insung Kong , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

The standard Universal Approximation Theorem for operator neural networks (NNs) holds for arbitrary width and bounded depth. Here, we prove that operator NNs of bounded width and arbitrary depth are universal approximators for continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Annan Yu , Chloé Becquey , Diana Halikias , Matthew Esmaili Mallory , Alex Townsend

Graph neural networks (GNNs) provide state-of-the-art results in a wide variety of tasks which typically involve predicting features at the vertices of a graph. They are built from layers of graph convolutions which serve as a powerful…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-08 Mauricio Velasco , Kaiying O'Hare , Bernardo Rychtenberg , Soledad Villar

We propose tensorial neural networks (TNNs), a generalization of existing neural networks by extending tensor operations on low order operands to those on high order ones. The problem of parameter learning is challenging, as it corresponds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-11 Jiahao Su , Jingling Li , Bobby Bhattacharjee , Furong Huang

Computer vision (CV) is one of the most crucial fields in artificial intelligence. In recent years, a variety of deep learning models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Transformers have been designed to tackle diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Wei Wang , Qing Li

The increasing demand on precision and throughput within high-precision mechatronics industries requires a new generation of feedforward controllers with higher accuracy than existing, physics-based feedforward controllers. As neural…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Max Bolderman , Hans Butler , Sjirk Koekebakker , Eelco van Horssen , Ramidin Kamidi , Theresa Spaan-Burke , Nard Strijbosch , Mircea Lazar

The paper proposes an artificial neural network (ANN) being a global approximator for a special class of functions, which are known as generalized homogeneous. The homogeneity means a symmetry of a function with respect to a group of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Andrey Polyakov