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Standard artificial neural networks (ANNs) use sum-product or multiply-accumulate node operations with a memoryless nonlinear activation. These neural networks are known to have universal function approximation capabilities. Previously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 William Chang , Hassan Hamad , Keith M. Chugg

In this paper, we explain the universal approximation capabilities of deep residual neural networks through geometric nonlinear control. Inspired by recent work establishing links between residual networks and control systems, we provide a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Paulo Tabuada , Bahman Gharesifard

The celebrated universal approximation theorems for neural networks roughly state that any reasonable function can be arbitrarily well-approximated by a network whose parameters are appropriately chosen real numbers. This paper examines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 C. Sinan Güntürk , Weilin Li

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are a broad class of connectionist models for graph processing. Recent studies have shown that GNNs can approximate any function on graphs, modulo the equivalence relation on graphs defined by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Giuseppe Alessio D'Inverno , Monica Bianchini , Maria Lucia Sampoli , Franco Scarselli

We algorithmically construct a two hidden layer feedforward neural network (TLFN) model with the weights fixed as the unit coordinate vectors of the $d$-dimensional Euclidean space and having $3d+2$ number of hidden neurons in total, which…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Namig J. Guliyev , Vugar E. Ismailov

We devise a new type of feedforward neural network. It is equivariant with respect to the unitary group $U(n)$. The input and output can be vectors in $\mathbb{C}^n$ with arbitrary dimension $n$. No convolution layer is required in our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Pui-Wai Ma , T. -H. Hubert Chan

The capability of recurrent neural networks to approximate trajectories of a random dynamical system, with random inputs, on non-compact domains, and over an indefinite or infinite time horizon is considered. The main result states that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Adrian N. Bishop

The Universal Approximation Theorem posits that neural networks can theoretically possess unlimited approximation capacity with a suitable activation function and a freely chosen or trained set of parameters. However, a more practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Li Liu , Tengchao Yu , Heng Yong

This paper extends the proof of density of neural networks in the space of continuous (or even measurable) functions on Euclidean spaces to functions on compact sets of probability measures. By doing so the work parallels a more then a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Tomas Pevny , Vojtech Kovarik

Recent years have witnessed a hot wave of deep neural networks in various domains; however, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A theoretical characterization of deep neural networks should point out their approximation ability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Gao Zhang , Jin-Hui Wu , Shao-Qun Zhang

We show that a neural network whose output is obtained as the difference of the outputs of two feedforward networks with exponential activation function in the hidden layer and logarithmic activation function in the output node (LSE…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-05-22 Giuseppe C. Calafiore , Stephane Gaubert , Member , Corrado Possieri

\citet{farrell2021deep} establish non-asymptotic high-probability bounds for general deep feedforward neural network (with rectified linear unit activation function) estimators, with \citet[Theorem 1]{farrell2021deep} achieving a suboptimal…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-11 Zhaoji Tang

A challenging problem in many modern machine learning tasks is to process weight-space features, i.e., to transform or extract information from the weights and gradients of a neural network. Recent works have developed promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Allan Zhou , Chelsea Finn , James Harrison

Deep learning employs multi-layer neural networks trained via the backpropagation algorithm. This approach has achieved success across many domains and relies on adaptive gradient methods such as the Adam optimizer. Sequence modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Esmail Gumaan

One of the most influential results in neural network theory is the universal approximation theorem [1, 2, 3] which states that continuous functions can be approximated to within arbitrary accuracy by single-hidden-layer feedforward neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Clemens Hutter , Recep Gül , Helmut Bölcskei

Many practical problems need the output of a machine learning model to satisfy a set of constraints, $K$. Nevertheless, there is no known guarantee that classical neural network architectures can exactly encode constraints while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Anastasis Kratsios , Behnoosh Zamanlooy , Tianlin Liu , Ivan Dokmanić

We propose a novel class of neural network-like parametrized functions, i.e., general transformation neural networks (GTNNs), for high-dimensional approximation. Conventional deep neural networks sometimes perform less accurately on…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Xiaoyang Wang , Yiqi Gu

In this paper, we aim at developing scalable neural network-type learning systems. Motivated by the idea of "constructive neural networks" in approximation theory, we focus on "constructing" rather than "training" feed-forward neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Shaobo Lin , Jinshan Zeng , Xiaoqin Zhang

This paper presents a novel framework of neural networks for isotropic hyperelasticity that enforces necessary physical and mathematical constraints while simultaneously satisfying the universal approximation theorem. The two key…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Gian-Luca Geuken , Patrick Kurzeja , David Wiedemann , Jörn Mosler

We study the approximation of shift-invariant or equivariant functions by deep fully convolutional networks from the dynamical systems perspective. We prove that deep residual fully convolutional networks and their continuous-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Ting Lin , Zuowei Shen , Qianxiao Li