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A very popular model-agnostic technique for explaining predictive models is the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP). The two most popular versions of SHAP are a conditional expectation version and an unconditional expectation version (the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Ronald Richman , Mario V. Wüthrich

Originally introduced in game theory, Shapley values have emerged as a central tool in explainable machine learning, where they are used to attribute model predictions to specific input features. However, computing Shapley values exactly is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Christopher Musco , R. Teal Witter

When using machine learning techniques in decision-making processes, the interpretability of the models is important. Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) is one of the most promising interpretation methods for machine learning models.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Yasunobu Nohara , Toyoshi Inoguchi , Chinatsu Nojiri , Naoki Nakashima

In spite of increased attention on explainable machine learning models, explaining multi-output predictions has not yet been extensively addressed. Methods that use Shapley values to attribute feature contributions to the decision making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Célia Wafa Ayad , Thomas Bonnier , Benjamin Bosch , Jesse Read

Explainable AI (XAI) has become an increasingly important topic for understanding and attributing the predictions made by complex Time Series Classification (TSC) models. Among attribution methods, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Davide Italo Serramazza , Nikos Papadeas , Zahraa Abdallah , Georgiana Ifrim

In Explainable AI (XAI), Shapley values are a popular model-agnostic framework for explaining predictions made by complex machine learning models. The computation of Shapley values requires estimating non-trivial contribution functions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Martin Jullum

Contemporary chess engines offer precise yet opaque evaluations, typically expressed as centipawn scores. While effective for decision-making, these outputs obscure the underlying contributions of individual pieces or patterns. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Francesco Spinnato

Machine and deep learning have grown in popularity and use in biological research over the last decade but still present challenges in interpretability of the fitted model. The development and use of metrics to determine features driving…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-31 Daniel Claborne , Javier Flores , Samantha Erwin , Luke Durell , Rachel Richardson , Ruby Fore , Lisa Bramer

SHAP is a popular method for measuring variable importance in machine learning models. In this paper, we study the algorithm used to estimate SHAP scores and outline its connection to the functional ANOVA decomposition. We use this…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-14 Andrew Herren , P. Richard Hahn

Local feature-based explanations are a key component of the XAI toolkit. These explanations compute feature importance values relative to an ``interpretable'' feature representation. In tabular data, feature values themselves are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Hyunseung Hwang , Andrew Bell , Joao Fonseca , Venetia Pliatsika , Julia Stoyanovich , Steven Euijong Whang

The Shapley value has become a popular method to attribute the prediction of a machine-learning model on an input to its base features. The use of the Shapley value is justified by citing [16] showing that it is the \emph{unique} method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-10 Mukund Sundararajan , Amir Najmi

eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods have emerged to convert the black box of machine learning (ML) models into a more digestible form. These methods help to communicate how the model works with the aim of making ML models more…

With wide application of Artificial Intelligence (AI), it has become particularly important to make decisions of AI systems explainable and transparent. In this paper, we proposed a new Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Chi Zhao , Jing Liu , Elena Parilina

This paper introduces the shapr R package, a versatile tool for generating Shapley value-based prediction explanations for machine learning and statistical regression models. Moreover, the shaprpy Python library brings the core capabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Martin Jullum , Lars Henry Berge Olsen , Jon Lachmann , Annabelle Redelmeier

Interpretability remains a key difficulty in sentiment analysis with Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in high-stakes applications where it is crucial to comprehend the rationale behind forecasts. This research addressed this by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Thivya Thogesan , Anupiya Nugaliyadde , Kok Wai Wong

We propose and study a framework for quantifying the importance of the choices of parameter values to the result of a query over a database. These parameters occur as constants in logical queries, such as conjunctive queries. In our…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Amir Gilad , Martin Grohe , Benny Kimelfeld , Peter Lindner , Christoph Standke

Explaining complex or seemingly simple machine learning models is an important practical problem. We want to explain individual predictions from a complex machine learning model by learning simple, interpretable explanations. Shapley values…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-07 Kjersti Aas , Martin Jullum , Anders Løland

Algorithmic decisions in critical domains such as hiring, college admissions, and lending are often based on rankings. Given the impact of these decisions on individuals, organizations, and population groups, it is essential to understand…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Venetia Pliatsika , Joao Fonseca , Kateryna Akhynko , Ivan Shevchenko , Julia Stoyanovich

Machine Learning (ML) is becoming increasingly popular in fluid dynamics. Powerful ML algorithms such as neural networks or ensemble methods are notoriously difficult to interpret. Here, we introduce the novel Shapley Additive Explanations…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-05-20 Martin Lellep , Jonathan Prexl , Bruno Eckhardt , Moritz Linkmann

Synthetic tabular data, which are widely used in domains such as healthcare, enterprise operations, and customer analytics, are increasingly evaluated to ensure that they preserve both privacy and utility. While existing evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Ke Yu , Shigeru Ishikura , Yukari Usukura , Yuki Shigoku , Teruaki Hayashi