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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated exceptional recognition capabilities in traditional computer vision (CV) tasks. However, existing CV models often suffer a significant decrease in accuracy when confronted with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Shuangchen Zhao , Changde Du , Hui Li , Huiguang He

Data-driven molecular discovery leverages artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) and generative modeling to filter and design novel molecules. Discovering novel molecules requires accurate out-of-distribution (OOD) predictions,…

In this study, we propose a three-stage training approach of neural networks for both photometric redshift estimation of galaxies and detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) objects. Our approach comprises supervised and unsupervised…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-04 Joongoo Lee , Min-Su Shin

In many critical Machine Learning applications, such as autonomous driving and medical image diagnosis, the detection of out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is as crucial as accurately classifying in-distribution (ID) inputs. Recently Outlier…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Lakpa D. Tamang , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Richard Dazeley , Sunil Aryal

Prior research on out-of-distribution detection (OoDD) has primarily focused on single-modality models. Recently, with the advent of large-scale pretrained vision-language models such as CLIP, OoDD methods utilizing such multi-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Jeonghyeon Kim , Sangheum Hwang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is an important problem in natural language processing (NLP). In this work, we propose a simple yet effective framework $k$Folden, which mimics the behaviors of OOD detection during training without the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Xiaoya Li , Jiwei Li , Xiaofei Sun , Chun Fan , Tianwei Zhang , Fei Wu , Yuxian Meng , Jun Zhang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the reliable and safe deployment of machine learning systems in the real world. Great progress has been made over the past years. This paper presents the first review of recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Hao Lang , Yinhe Zheng , Yixuan Li , Jian Sun , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning systems. For instance, in autonomous driving, we would like the driving system to issue an alert and hand over the control to humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Jingkang Yang , Kaiyang Zhou , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical to AI reliability and safety, yet in many practical settings, only a limited amount of training data is available. Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) are a promising class of model on which to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Kevin Raina , Tanya Schmah

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential to improve the reliability of machine learning models by detecting samples that do not belong to the training distribution. Detecting OOD samples effectively in certain tasks can pose a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Divyanshu Mishra , He Zhao , Pramit Saha , Aris T. Papageorghiou , J. Alison Noble

One of the early weaknesses identified in deep neural networks trained for image classification tasks was their inability to provide low confidence predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data that was significantly different from the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Evelyn Mannix , Howard Bondell

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) examples is critical in many applications. We propose an unsupervised method to detect OOD samples using a $k$-NN density estimate with respect to a classification model's intermediate activations on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Dara Bahri , Heinrich Jiang , Yi Tay , Donald Metzler

Recent advances in out-of-distribution (OOD) detection on image data show that pre-trained neural network classifiers can separate in-distribution (ID) from OOD data well, leveraging the class-discriminative ability of the model itself.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Maximilian Granz , Manuel Heurich , Tim Landgraf

In supervised machine learning, the assumption that training data is labelled correctly is not always satisfied. In this paper, we investigate an instance of labelling error for classification tasks in which the dataset is corrupted with…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-02-13 Turab Iqbal , Yin Cao , Qiuqiang Kong , Mark D. Plumbley , Wenwu Wang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the trustworthiness of AI systems. Methods using prior information (i.e., subspace-based methods) have shown effective performance by extracting information geometry to detect OOD data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Kaiyu Guo , Zijian Wang , Tan Pan , Brian C. Lovell , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh

Deep learning (DL)-based systems can exhibit unexpected behavior when exposed to out-of-distribution (OOD) scenarios, posing serious risks in safety-critical domains such as malware detection and autonomous driving. This underscores the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jingyu Zhang , Fan Wang , Jacky Keung , Yihan Liao , Yan Xiao , Lei Ma

Semi-supervised learning (semi-SL) is a promising alternative to supervised learning for medical image analysis when obtaining good quality supervision for medical imaging is difficult. However, semi-SL assumes that the underlying…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Nikhil Cherian Kurian , Varsha S , Abhijit Patil , Shashikant Khade , Amit Sethi

Avoiding out-of-distribution (OOD) data is critical for training supervised machine learning models in the medical imaging domain. Furthermore, obtaining labeled medical data is difficult and expensive since it requires expert annotators…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Suraj Kothawade , Akshit Srivastava , Venkat Iyer , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Rishabh Iyer

Standard recognition approaches are unable to deal with novel categories at test time. Their overconfidence on the known classes makes the predictions unreliable for safety-critical applications such as healthcare or autonomous driving.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Lorenzo Li Lu , Giulia D'Ascenzi , Francesco Cappio Borlino , Tatiana Tommasi

Class incremental learning (CIL) aims to learn a model that can not only incrementally accommodate new classes, but also maintain the learned knowledge of old classes. Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in CIL is to retain this incremental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Wenjun Miao , Guansong Pang , Trong-Tung Nguyen , Ruohang Fang , Jin Zheng , Xiao Bai