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Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit emergent capabilities in structured domains, suggesting they may implicitly internalize high-fidelity representations of world models. While probing techniques have shown promising signs of this in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Romain Harang , Jason Naradowsky , Yaswitha Gujju , Yusuke Miyao

Structured reasoning over natural language inputs remains a core challenge in artificial intelligence, as it requires bridging the gap between unstructured linguistic expressions and formal logical representations. In this paper, we propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Keying Yang , Hao Wang , Kai Yang

In this work, a thorough mathematical framework for incorporating Large Language Models (LLMs) into gamified systems is presented with an emphasis on improving task dynamics, user engagement, and reward systems. Personalized feedback,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Carlos J. Costa

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful and general solutions to many natural language tasks. However, many of the most important applications of language generation are interactive, where an agent has to talk to a person to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Joey Hong , Sergey Levine , Anca Dragan

Large Language Models (LLMs) show remarkable capabilities, yet their stochastic next-token prediction creates logical inconsistencies and reward hacking that formal symbolic systems avoid. To bridge this gap, we introduce a formal logic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Chuxue Cao , Jinluan Yang , Haoran Li , Kunhao Pan , Zijian Zhao , Zhengyu Chen , Yuchen Tian , Lijun Wu , Conghui He , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred a surge of interest in leveraging these models for game-theoretical simulations, where LLMs act as individual agents engaging in social interactions. This study explores the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Ilya Horiguchi , Takahide Yoshida , Takashi Ikegami

A rigorous formalization of desired system requirements is indispensable when performing any verification task. This often limits the application of verification techniques, as writing formal specifications is an error-prone and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Matthias Cosler , Christopher Hahn , Daniel Mendoza , Frederik Schmitt , Caroline Trippel

Playing games has a long history of describing intricate interactions in simplified forms. In this paper we explore if large language models (LLMs) can play games, investigating their capabilities for randomisation and strategic adaptation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Alicia Vidler , Toby Walsh

The Game Description Language (GDL) is a widely used formalism for specifying the rules of general games. Writing correct GDL descriptions can be challenging, especially for non-experts. Automated theorem proving has been proposed to assist…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Yifan He , Munyque Mittelmann , Aniello Murano , Abdallah Saffidine , Michael Thielscher

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have been extensively utilized for behavioral modeling, for example, to automatically generate sequence diagrams. However, no overview of this work has been published yet. Such an overview will…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Muhammad Laiq

Game theory provides a framework for studying communication dynamics and emergent phenomena arising from rational agent interactions. We present a model framework for the Volunteer's Dilemma with four key contributions: (1) formulating it…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jacob Dineen , A S M Ahsan-Ul Haque , Matthew Bielskas

Generative artificial intelligence (Generative AI), and in particular Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity among researchers and industrial communities, paving the way for integrating LLMs in different domains,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Alonso Silva

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess general world knowledge but often struggle to generate precise predictions in structured, domain-specific contexts such as simulations. These limitations arise from their inability to ground their broad,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Guillaume Levy , Cedric Colas , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer , Thomas Carta , Clement Romac

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven their worth across a diverse spectrum of disciplines. LLMs have shown great potential in Procedural Content Generation (PCG) as well, but directly generating a level through a pre-trained LLM is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Muhammad U. Nasir , Steven James , Julian Togelius

Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 have recently demonstrated their remarkable abilities of communicating with human users. In this technical report, we take an initiative to investigate their capacities of playing text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Chen Feng Tsai , Xiaochen Zhou , Sierra S. Liu , Jing Li , Mo Yu , Hongyuan Mei

Recent advancements in the field of Natural Language Processing, particularly the development of large-scale language models that are pretrained on vast amounts of knowledge, are creating novel opportunities within the realm of Knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Anisa Rula , Jennifer D'Souza

Game theory is used by all behavioral sciences, but its development has long centered around tools for relatively simple games and toy systems, such as the economic interpretation of equilibrium outcomes. Our contribution, compositional…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Seth Frey , Jules Hedges , Joshua Tan , Philipp Zahn

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown superior capability to solve reasoning problems with programs. While being a promising direction, most of such frameworks are trained and evaluated in settings with a prior knowledge of task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Yuan Yang , Siheng Xiong , Ali Payani , Ehsan Shareghi , Faramarz Fekri

Equation discovery is aimed at directly extracting physical laws from data and has emerged as a pivotal research domain. Previous methods based on symbolic mathematics have achieved substantial advancements, but often require the design of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Mengge Du , Yuntian Chen , Zhongzheng Wang , Longfeng Nie , Dongxiao Zhang

Natural language explanations play a fundamental role in Natural Language Inference (NLI) by revealing how premises logically entail hypotheses. Recent work has shown that the interaction of large language models (LLMs) with theorem provers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xin Quan , Marco Valentino , Louise A. Dennis , André Freitas