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While recent neural audio codecs deliver superior speech quality at ultralow bitrates over traditional methods, their practical adoption is hindered by obstacles related to low-resource operation and robustness to acoustic distortions. Edge…

Neural speech codecs aim to compress input signals into minimal bits while maintaining content quality in a low-latency manner. However, existing neural codecs often trade model complexity for reconstruction performance. These codecs…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Yuzhe Gu , Enmao Diao

Recently sequence-to-sequence models have started to achieve state-of-the-art performance on standard speech recognition tasks when processing audio data in batch mode, i.e., the complete audio data is available when starting processing.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-28 Thai-Son Nguyen , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Sebastian Stueker , Alex Waibel

High-fidelity neural audio codecs in Text-to-speech (TTS) aim to compress speech signals into discrete representations for faithful reconstruction. However, prior approaches faced challenges in effectively disentangling acoustic and…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Ruonan Zhang , Xiaoyang Hao , Yichen Han , Junjie Cao , Yue Liu , Kai Zhang

This paper presents PhoenixCodec, a comprehensive neural speech coding and decoding framework designed for extremely low-resource conditions. The proposed system integrates an optimized asymmetric frequency-time architecture, a Cyclical…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-24 Zixiang Wan , Haoran Zhao , Guochang Zhang , Runqiang Han , Jianqiang Wei , Yuexian Zou

Neural audio codecs, used as speech tokenizers, have demonstrated remarkable potential in the field of speech generation. However, to ensure high-fidelity audio reconstruction, neural audio codecs typically encode audio into long sequences…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-02 Wenrui Liu , Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Yafeng Chen , Jin Xu , Zhifang Guo , Guanrou Yang , Weiqin Li , Xiaoda Yang , Tao Jin , Minghui Fang , Jialong Zuo , Bai Jionghao , Zemin Liu

Neural audio codecs, leveraging quantization algorithms, have significantly impacted various speech/audio tasks. While high-fidelity reconstruction is paramount for human perception, audio coding for machines (ACoM) prioritizes efficient…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Anastasia Kuznetsova , Inseon Jang , Wootaek Lim , Minje Kim

Video captioning models convert frames into visual tokens and generate descriptions with large language models (LLMs). Since encoding all frames is prohibitively expensive, uniform sampling is the default choice, but it enforces equal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Lianying Chao , Linfeng Yin , Peiyu Ren , Yifan Jiang , Qiaoyu Ren , Dingcheng Shan , Jing-cheng Pang , Sijie Wu , Xubin Li , Kai Zhang , Xin Chen

With the rise of multimodal large language models (LLMs), audio codec plays an increasingly vital role in encoding audio into discrete tokens, enabling integration of audio into text-based LLMs. Current audio codec captures two types of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Ruifan Deng , Yitian Gong , Qinghui Gao , Luozhijie Jin , Qinyuan Cheng , Zhaoye Fei , Shimin Li , Xipeng Qiu

Speech coding facilitates the transmission of speech over low-bandwidth networks with minimal distortion. Neural-network based speech codecs have recently demonstrated significant improvements in quality over traditional approaches. While…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Ali Siahkoohi , Michael Chinen , Tom Denton , W. Bastiaan Kleijn , Jan Skoglund

Large language models (LLMs) have become proficient at solving a wide variety of tasks, including those involving multi-modal inputs. In particular, instantiating an LLM (such as LLaMA) with a speech encoder and training it on paired data…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-13 Desh Raj , Gil Keren , Junteng Jia , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli

The tokenization of speech with neural audio codec models is a vital part of modern AI pipelines for the generation or understanding of speech, alone or in a multimodal context. Traditionally such tokenization models have concentrated on…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-02 Julian D Parker , Anton Smirnov , Jordi Pons , CJ Carr , Zack Zukowski , Zach Evans , Xubo Liu

Speech representation and modelling in high-dimensional spaces of acoustic waveforms, or a linear transformation thereof, is investigated with the aim of improving the robustness of automatic speech recognition to additive noise. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-31 Matthew Ager , Zoran Cvetkovic , Peter Sollich

Large language models have proven themselves highly flexible, able to solve a wide range of generative tasks, such as abstractive summarization and open-ended question answering. In this paper we extend the capabilities of LLMs by directly…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-25 Yassir Fathullah , Chunyang Wu , Egor Lakomkin , Junteng Jia , Yuan Shangguan , Ke Li , Jinxi Guo , Wenhan Xiong , Jay Mahadeokar , Ozlem Kalinli , Christian Fuegen , Mike Seltzer

Phonetic speech transcription is crucial for fine-grained linguistic analysis and downstream speech applications. While Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) is a widely used approach for such tasks due to its efficiency, it often…

Neural audio codec models are becoming increasingly important as they serve as tokenizers for audio, enabling efficient transmission or facilitating speech language modeling. The ideal neural audio codec should maintain content,…

Neural audio codecs have revolutionized audio processing by enabling speech tasks to be performed on highly compressed representations. Recent work has shown that speech separation can be achieved within these compressed domains, offering…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Jia Qi Yip , Chin Yuen Kwok , Bin Ma , Eng Siong Chng

We present SoundStream, a novel neural audio codec that can efficiently compress speech, music and general audio at bitrates normally targeted by speech-tailored codecs. SoundStream relies on a model architecture composed by a fully…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Neil Zeghidour , Alejandro Luebs , Ahmed Omran , Jan Skoglund , Marco Tagliasacchi

This paper introduces FlowMAC, a novel neural audio codec for high-quality general audio compression at low bit rates based on conditional flow matching (CFM). FlowMAC jointly learns a mel spectrogram encoder, quantizer and decoder. At…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-08 Nicola Pia , Martin Strauss , Markus Multrus , Bernd Edler

As the parameter size of large language models (LLMs) continues to expand, the need for a large memory footprint and high communication bandwidth have become significant bottlenecks for the training and inference of LLMs. To mitigate these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Ceyu Xu , Yongji Wu , Xinyu Yang , Beidi Chen , Matthew Lentz , Danyang Zhuo , Lisa Wu Wills