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Related papers: Self-Contrastive Forward-Forward Algorithm

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Although backpropagation is widely accepted as a training algorithm for artificial neural networks, researchers are always looking for inspiration from the brain to find ways with potentially better performance. Forward-Forward is a novel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hossein Aghagolzadeh , Mehdi Ezoji

The so-called Forward-Forward Algorithm (FFA) has recently gained momentum as an alternative to the conventional back-propagation algorithm for neural network learning, yielding competitive performance across various modeling tasks. By…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Erik B. Terres-Escudero , Javier Del Ser , Pablo Garcia Bringas

The Forward-Forward (FF) Algorithm has been recently proposed to alleviate the issues of backpropagation (BP) commonly used to train deep neural networks. However, its current formulation exhibits limitations such as the generation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Andreas Papachristodoulou , Christos Kyrkou , Stelios Timotheou , Theocharis Theocharides

The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm was recently proposed as a local learning method to address the limitations of backpropagation (BP), offering biological plausibility along with memory-efficient and highly parallelized computational…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Yujie Wu , Siyuan Xu , Jibin Wu , Lei Deng , Mingkun Xu , Qinghao Wen , Guoqi Li

We propose the predictive forward-forward (PFF) algorithm for conducting credit assignment in neural systems. Specifically, we design a novel, dynamic recurrent neural system that learns a directed generative circuit jointly and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Alexander Ororbia , Ankur Mali

The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm presents a compelling, bio-inspired alternative to backpropagation. However, while efficient in training, it has a computationally prohibitive inference process that requires a separate forward pass for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Shalini Sarode , Brian Moser , Joachim Folz , Federico Raue , Tobias Nauen , Stanislav Frolov , Andreas Dengel

We propose a scalable Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm that eliminates the need for backpropagation by training each layer separately. Unlike backpropagation, FF avoids backward gradients and can be more modular and memory efficient, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Andrii Krutsylo

The Forward-Forward algorithm eliminates backpropagation's memory constraints and biological implausibility through dual forward passes with positive and negative data. However, conventional implementations suffer from critical inter-layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Salar Beigzad

Self-supervised representation learning has seen remarkable progress in the last few years, with some of the recent methods being able to learn useful image representations without labels. These methods are trained using backpropagation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Jonas Brenig , Radu Timofte

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired computational paradigm that emulates neuronal activity through discrete spike-based processing. Despite their advantages, training SNNs with traditional backpropagation (BP)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Mohammadnavid Ghader , Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Bahar Farahani , Mahmood Fazlali

Recent successes in image analysis with deep neural networks are achieved almost exclusively with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), typically trained using the backpropagation (BP) algorithm. In a 2022 preprint, Geoffrey Hinton proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Riccardo Scodellaro , Ajinkya Kulkarni , Frauke Alves , Matthias Schröter

Deep neural networks trained with backpropagation have achieved outstanding performance in vision tasks but remain biologically implausible, computationally demanding, and difficult to interpret. The Forward-Forward (FF) algorithm offers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jie-En Yao , Hong-En Chen , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Recent deep learning models such as ChatGPT utilizing the back-propagation algorithm have exhibited remarkable performance. However, the disparity between the biological brain processes and the back-propagation algorithm has been noted. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Taewook Hwang , Hyein Seo , Sangkeun Jung

We present the Graph Forward-Forward (GFF) algorithm, an extension of the Forward-Forward procedure to graphs, able to handle features distributed over a graph's nodes. This allows training graph neural networks with forward passes only,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Daniele Paliotta , Mathieu Alain , Bálint Máté , François Fleuret

Backpropagation algorithm has been widely used as a mainstream learning procedure for neural networks in the past decade, and has played a significant role in the development of deep learning. However, there exist some limitations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Gongpei Zhao , Tao Wang , Yidong Li , Yi Jin , Congyan Lang , Haibin Ling

Function regression/approximation is a fundamental application of machine learning. Neural networks (NNs) can be easily trained for function regression using a sufficient number of neurons and epochs. The forward-forward learning algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Shivam Padmani , Akshay Joshi

The backpropagation algorithm, despite its widespread use in neural network learning, may not accurately emulate the human cortex's learning process. Alternative strategies, such as the Forward-Forward Algorithm (FFA), offer a closer match…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Desmond Y. M. Tang

Backpropagation remains the dominant algorithm for training deep neural networks, but it incurs substantial memory overhead and relies on global error propagation, which is often regarded as biologically implausible. The Forward-Forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 James Gong , Bruce Li , Waleed Abdulla

The rising computational and energy demands of deep neural networks (DNNs), driven largely by backpropagation (BP), challenge sustainable AI development. This paper rigorously investigates three BP-free training methods: the Forward-Forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Przemysław Spyra

We introduce a fast Self-adapting Forward-Forward Network (SaFF-Net) for medical imaging analysis, mitigating power consumption and resource limitations, which currently primarily stem from the prevalent reliance on back-propagation for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Johanna P. Müller , Bernhard Kainz
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