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Analyzing Ethereum bytecode, rather than the source code from which it was generated, is a necessity when: (1) the source code is not available (e.g., the blockchain only stores the bytecode), (2) the information to be gathered in the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Elvira Albert , Pablo Gordillo , Benjamin Livshits , Albert Rubio , Ilya Sergey

Poorly designed smart contracts are particularly vulnerable, as they may allow attackers to exploit weaknesses and steal the virtual currency they manage. In this study, we train a model using unsupervised learning to identify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hong-Sheng Huang , Jen-Yi Ho , Hao-Wen Chen , Hung-Min Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have recently been applied to binary decompilation, yet they still treat code as plain text and ignore the graphs that govern program control flow. This limitation often yields syntactically fragile and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yonatan Gizachew Achamyeleh , Harsh Thomare , Mohammad Abdullah Al Faruque

When source code or the original toolchain is unavailable, patching binaries is difficult because it requires editing low-level assembly code directly. As an alternative, one can decompile the binary, apply the patch at the source level,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Han Dai , Soumyakant Priyadarshan , Abdullah Imran , Ruoyu Wang , Antonio Bianchi

State-of-the-art methods for Transformer-based semantic segmentation typically adopt Transformer decoders that are used to extract additional embeddings from image embeddings via cross-attention, refine either or both types of embeddings…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Qishuai Wen , Chun-Guang Li

Binary decompilation aims to recover binaries into high-level source code, but existing evaluations mainly rely on syntactic similarity or single-axis readability metrics, which fail to capture practical reusability. We propose a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Puzhuo Liu , Yuhan Huang , Jianlei Chi , Peng Di , Yu Jiang

Smart contracts have transformed decentralized finance by enabling programmable, trustless transactions. However, their widespread adoption and growing financial significance have attracted persistent and sophisticated threats, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Pasquale De Rosa , Pascal Felber , Valerio Schiavoni

The current large blockchain systems (BTC Lightning network, Ethereum, etc.) are generally facing the problems of low persistence rates and high storage costs. Therefore, users tend to store single modal (textual) information on the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Zhijie Tan , Xiang Yuan , Shengwei Meng , Yakun Huang , Weiping Li , Zhonghai Wu , Tong Mo

Recent attacks exploiting errors in smart contract code had devastating consequences thereby questioning the benefits of this technology. It is currently highly challenging to fix errors and deploy a patched contract in time. Instant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Michael Rodler , Wenting Li , Ghassan O. Karame , Lucas Davi

Parallel execution has become a key approach to improving blockchain scalability, but the lack of formal semantics for smart contract languages in such settings makes rigorous reasoning difficult. Crystality is a smart contract language…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Ziyun Xu , Hao Wang , Meng Sun

Bitcoin has attracted everyone's attention and interest recently. Ethereum (ETH), a second generation cryptocurrency, extends Bitcoin's design by offering a Turing-complete programming language called Solidity to develop smart contracts.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Jiao Jiao , Shuanglong Kan , Shang-Wei Lin , David Sanan , Yang Liu , Jun Sun

The execution of large deep neural networks (DNN) at mobile edge devices requires considerable consumption of critical resources, such as energy, while imposing demands on hardware capabilities. In approaches based on edge computing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Juliano S. Assine , J. C. S. Santos Filho , Eduardo Valle , Marco Levorato

Smart contracts are susceptible to being exploited by attackers, especially when facing real-world vulnerabilities. To mitigate this risk, developers often rely on third-party audit services to identify potential vulnerabilities before…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Che Wang , Jiashuo Zhang , Jianbo Gao , Libin Xia , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

Smart contracts are full-fledged programs that run on blockchains (e.g., Ethereum, one of the most popular blockchains). In Ethereum, gas (in Ether, a cryptographic currency like Bitcoin) is the execution fee compensating the computing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Ting Chen , Xiaoqi Li , Xiapu Luo , Xiaosong Zhang

Decompilation is a well-studied area with numerous high-quality tools available. These are frequently used for security tasks and to port legacy code. However, they regularly generate difficult-to-read programs and require a large amount of…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Jordi Armengol-Estapé , Jackson Woodruff , Chris Cummins , Michael F. P. O'Boyle

Over the last few years, neural image compression has gained wide attention from research and industry, yielding promising end-to-end deep neural codecs outperforming their conventional counterparts in rate-distortion performance. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Ahmed Ghorbel , Wassim Hamidouche , Luce Morin

Deep learning-based image compression has made great progresses recently. However, many leading schemes use serial context-adaptive entropy model to improve the rate-distortion (R-D) performance, which is very slow. In addition, the…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-07 Haisheng Fu , Feng Liang , Jie Liang , Yongqiang Wang , Guohe Zhang , Jingning Han

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been widely used in sequence analysis and modeling. However, when processing high-dimensional data, RNNs typically require very large model sizes, thereby bringing a series of deployment challenges.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Miao Yin , Siyu Liao , Xiao-Yang Liu , Xiaodong Wang , Bo Yuan

Encoder-decoder models have made great progress on handwritten mathematical expression recognition recently. However, it is still a challenge for existing methods to assign attention to image features accurately. Moreover, those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Wenqi Zhao , Liangcai Gao , Zuoyu Yan , Shuai Peng , Lin Du , Ziyin Zhang

We introduce the DeTerministic Virtual Machine (DTVM) Stack, a next-generation smart contract execution framework designed to address critical performance, determinism, and ecosystem compatibility challenges in blockchain networks. Building…