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Reinforcement learning (RL) in continuous action spaces encounters persistent challenges, such as inefficient exploration and convergence to suboptimal solutions. To address these limitations, we propose CAMEL, a novel framework integrating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yanxiao Zhao , Yangge Qian , Jingyang Shan , Xiaolin Qin

Training agents to operate under strict constraints during deployment, such as limited resource budgets or stringent safety requirements, presents significant challenges, especially when these constraints render the task complex. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Georgios Tzannetos , Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Adish Singla

Reinforcement learning (RL) promises to enable autonomous acquisition of complex behaviors for diverse agents. However, the success of current reinforcement learning algorithms is predicated on an often under-emphasised requirement -- each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Archit Sharma , Abhishek Gupta , Sergey Levine , Karol Hausman , Chelsea Finn

Improving training efficiency continues to be one of the primary challenges in large-scale Reinforcement Learning (RL). In this paper, we investigate how context length and the complexity of training data influence the RL scaling training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng , Zheng Li , Wenjie Yang , Xuan Luo , Yue Pan , Feng Zhang

Curriculum design for reinforcement learning (RL) can speed up an agent's learning process and help it learn to perform well on complex tasks. However, existing techniques typically require domain-specific hyperparameter tuning, involve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Georgios Tzannetos , Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Adish Singla

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) addresses the challenge of expensive and high-risk data exploration inherent in RL by pre-training policies on vast amounts of offline data, enabling direct deployment or fine-tuning in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Thanh Nguyen , Tung M. Luu , Tri Ton , Chang D. Yoo

This work concerns itself with the task of reconstructing all edges of an arbitrary 3D wire-frame model projected to an image plane. We explore a bottom-up part-wise procedure undertaken by an RL agent to segment and reconstruct these 2D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Julian Ziegler , Patrick Frenzel , Mirco Fuchs

Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) have advanced rapidly in recent years and have been successfully applied to e-learning environments like intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). Despite great success, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Md Mirajul Islam , Xi Yang , Adittya Soukarjya Saha , Rajesh Debnath , Min Chi

During initial iterations of training in most Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms, agents perform a significant number of random exploratory steps. In the real world, this can limit the practicality of these algorithms as it can lead to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Ashish Kumar Jayant , Shalabh Bhatnagar

This research focuses on enhancing reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms by integrating penalty functions to guide agents in avoiding unwanted actions while optimizing rewards. The goal is to improve the learning process by ensuring that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Sai Gana Sandeep Pula , Sathish A. P. Kumar , Sumit Jha , Arvind Ramanathan

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM-based agents, yet remains limited by low sample efficiency, stemming not only from sparse outcome feedback but also from the agent's inability to leverage prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Dilxat Muhtar , Jiashun Liu , Wei Gao , Weixun Wang , Shaopan Xiong , Ju Huang , Siran Yang , Wenbo Su , Jiamang Wang , Ling Pan , Bo Zheng

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a framework to optimize a control policy using rewards that are revealed by the system as a response to a control action. In its standard form, RL involves a single agent that uses its policy to accomplish a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Juan Cervino , Juan Andres Bazerque , Miguel Calvo-Fullana , Alejandro Ribeiro

This paper addresses the challenges of training end-to-end autonomous driving agents using Reinforcement Learning (RL). RL agents are typically trained in a fixed set of scenarios and nominal behavior of surrounding road users in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ahmed Abouelazm , Tim Weinstein , Tim Joseph , Philip Schörner , J. Marius Zöllner

A central challenge in reinforcement learning is that policies trained in controlled environments often fail under distribution shifts at deployment into real-world environments. Distributionally Robust Reinforcement Learning (DRRL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Anirudh Satheesh , Keenan Powell , Vaneet Aggarwal

Multi-agent systems (MAS) and reinforcement learning (RL) are widely used to enhance the agentic capabilities of large language models (LLMs). MAS improves task performance through role-based orchestration, while RL uses environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Yujie Zhao , Lanxiang Hu , Yang Wang , Minmin Hou , Hao Zhang , Ke Ding , Jishen Zhao

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved groundbreaking successes in a wide variety of robotic applications. A natural consequence is the adoption of this paradigm for safety-critical tasks, where human safety and expensive hardware…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Davide Corsi , Raz Yerushalmi , Guy Amir , Alessandro Farinelli , David Harel , Guy Katz

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown strong promise for LLM reasoning, but outcome-based RLVR remains inefficient on hard problems because correct final-answer rollouts are rare and sample-level credit assignment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xitai Jiang , Zihan Tang , Wenze Lin , Yang Yue , Shenzhi Wang , Gao Huang

Continual learning approaches help deep neural network models adapt and learn incrementally by trying to solve catastrophic forgetting. However, whether these existing approaches, applied traditionally to image-based tasks, work with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Young D. Kwon , Jagmohan Chauhan , Abhishek Kumar , Pan Hui , Cecilia Mascolo

Modern end-to-end speech recognition models show astonishing results in transcribing audio signals into written text. However, conventional data feeding pipelines may be sub-optimal for low-resource speech recognition, which still remains a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-02-21 Anastasia Kuznetsova , Anurag Kumar , Jennifer Drexler Fox , Francis Tyers

Reinforcement Learning is a mature technology, often suggested as a potential route towards Artificial General Intelligence, with the ambitious goal of replicating the wide range of abilities found in natural and artificial intelligence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Markus D. Solbach , John K. Tsotsos