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Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language processing tasks and beyond. This success of LLMs has led to a large influx of research contributions in this direction. These works…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Humza Naveed , Asad Ullah Khan , Shi Qiu , Muhammad Saqib , Saeed Anwar , Muhammad Usman , Naveed Akhtar , Nick Barnes , Ajmal Mian

Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches have been incorporated into modern learning environments and software engineering (SE) courses and curricula for several years. However, with the significant rise in popularity of large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Michael Vierhauser , Iris Groher , Tobias Antensteiner , Clemens Sauerwein

The vast number of parameters in large language models (LLMs) endows them with remarkable capabilities, allowing them to excel in a variety of natural language processing tasks. However, this complexity also presents challenges, making LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Mingzhe Du , Anh Tuan Luu , Bin Ji , See-kiong Ng

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a class of deep learning models adept at understanding natural language and generating coherent responses to various prompts or queries. These models far exceed the complexity of conventional neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized numerous fields, with large language models (LLMs) and computer vision (CV) systems driving advancements in natural language understanding and visual processing,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Yunkai Dang , Kaichen Huang , Jiahao Huo , Yibo Yan , Sirui Huang , Dongrui Liu , Mengxi Gao , Jie Zhang , Chen Qian , Kun Wang , Yong Liu , Jing Shao , Hui Xiong , Xuming Hu

The rise of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has become a transformative force in the field of artificial intelligence, enabling machines to process and generate content across multiple modalities, such as text, images, audio, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ming Li , Keyu Chen , Ziqian Bi , Ming Liu , Xinyuan Song , Zekun Jiang , Tianyang Wang , Benji Peng , Qian Niu , Junyu Liu , Jinlang Wang , Sen Zhang , Xuanhe Pan , Jiawei Xu , Pohsun Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed numerous domains by providing advanced capabilities in natural language understanding, generation, and reasoning. Despite their groundbreaking applications across industries such as research,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Aditi Singh , Nirmal Prakashbhai Patel , Abul Ehtesham , Saket Kumar , Tala Talaei Khoei

Federated Learning (FL) offers a promising paradigm for training Large Language Models (LLMs) in a decentralized manner while preserving data privacy and minimizing communication overhead. This survey examines recent advancements in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Youyang Qu , Ming Liu , Tianqing Zhu , Longxiang Gao , Shui Yu , Wanlei Zhou

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) and generative AI have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), offering unprecedented capabilities in education. This chapter explores the transformative potential of LLMs in automated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Subhankar Maity , Aniket Deroy

Humans can learn a variety of concepts and skills incrementally over the course of their lives while exhibiting many desirable properties, such as continual learning without forgetting, forward transfer and backward transfer of knowledge,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-17 Charles X. Ling , Tanner Bohn

Machine learning (ML) techniques are increasingly prevalent in education, from their use in predicting student dropout, to assisting in university admissions, and facilitating the rise of MOOCs. Given the rapid growth of these novel uses,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Lydia T. Liu , Serena Wang , Tolani Britton , Rediet Abebe

Autonomous agents have long been a prominent research focus in both academic and industry communities. Previous research in this field often focuses on training agents with limited knowledge within isolated environments, which diverges…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lei Wang , Chen Ma , Xueyang Feng , Zeyu Zhang , Hao Yang , Jingsen Zhang , Zhiyuan Chen , Jiakai Tang , Xu Chen , Yankai Lin , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhewei Wei , Ji-Rong Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a transformative AI paradigm, profoundly influencing daily life through their exceptional language understanding and contextual generation capabilities. Despite their remarkable performance, LLMs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Yedi Zhang , Yufan Cai , Xinyue Zuo , Xiaokun Luan , Kailong Wang , Zhe Hou , Yifan Zhang , Zhiyuan Wei , Meng Sun , Jun Sun , Jing Sun , Jin Song Dong

Traditional interventions for academic procrastination often fail to capture the nuanced, individual-specific factors that underlie them. Large language models (LLMs) hold immense potential for addressing this gap by permitting open-ended…

Large language Models have only been widely available since 2022 and yet in less than three years have had a significant impact on approaches to education and educational technology. Here we review the domains in which they have been used,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Russell Beale

In this work, a thorough mathematical framework for incorporating Large Language Models (LLMs) into gamified systems is presented with an emphasis on improving task dynamics, user engagement, and reward systems. Personalized feedback,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Carlos J. Costa

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in student-facing educational tools, their potential to directly support educators through locally deployable and customizable solutions remains underexplored. Many existing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zarreen Reza , Alexander Mazur , Michael T. Dugdale , Robin Ray-Chaudhuri

In the rapidly evolving educational landscape, the integration of technology has shifted from an enhancement to a cornerstone of educational strategy worldwide. This transition is propelled by advancements in digital technology, especially…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Ananth Hariharan

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly changing how researchers in materials science and chemistry discover, organize, and act on scientific knowledge. This paper analyzes a broad set of community-developed LLM applications in an effort…

Materials Science · Physics 2026-05-06 Aritra Roy , Kevin Shen , Andrew MacBride , Awwal Oladipupo , Mudassra Taskeen , Wojtek Treyde , Ruaa A. E. A. Abakar , Ahmad D. Abbas , Elsayed Abdelfatah , Abbas A. Abdullahi , Seham S. Abyah , Chahd Rahyl Adjmi , Fariha Agbere , Savyasanchi Aggarwal , Muhammad Ahmed , Tasnim Ahmed , Motasem Ajlouni , Mattias Akke , Hussein AlAdwan , Anwaar S. Alazani , Zahra A. Alharbi , Wajd A. Aljulyhi , Mohammed A. AlKubaish , Fatima A. Almahri , Sayed A. Almohri , David Obeh Alobo , Mohammed Alouni , Azizah S. Alqahtani , Omar Alsaigh , Husain Althagafi , Md. Aqib Aman , Lena Ara , Arifin , Ignacio Arretche , Abdulaziz Ashy , Syeda A. Asim , Amro Aswad , Adeel Atta , Sören Auer , Abdullah al Azmi , Toheeb Balogun , Suvo Banik , Viktoriia Baibakova , Shakira A. Baksh , Neus G. Bastús , Christina J. Bayard , Adib Bazgir , Louis Beal , Lejla Biberić , Wahid Billah , Ankita Biswas , Joshua Bocarsly , Montassar T. Bouzidi , Esma B. Boydas , Youssef Briki , Cailin Buchanan , Mauricio Cafiero , Damien Caliste , Yi Cao , Rafael E. Castañeda , Sruthy K. Chandy , Benjamin Charmes , Shayantan Chaudhuri , Yiming Chen , Alexander Chen , Jieneng Chen , Min-Hsueh Chiu , Defne Circi , Cinthya H. Contreras , Yoann Cure , Nathan Daelman , Roshini Dantuluri , Thomas Davy , William Dawson , Leonid Didukh , Rui Ding , Aminu R. Doguwa , Claudia Draxl , Sathya Edamadaka , Oulaya Elargab , Christina Ertural , Matthew L. Evans , Edvin Fako , Hossam Farag , Nur A. Fathurrahman , Merve Fedai , Rodrigo P. Ferreira , Giuseppe Fisicaro , Thomas Frank , Sasi K. Gaddipati , Abhijeet Gangan , Jennifer Garland , James Garrick , Luigi Genovese , Maryam Ghadrdran , Sandip Giri , Maxime Goulet , Jeremy Goumaz , Sara U. Gracia , Jacob Graham , Gabriel Graves , Kevin P. Greenman , Tim Greitemeier , Cameron Gruich , Sophie Gu , Salomé Guilbert , Hans Gundlach , Muriel F. Gusta , Mourad El Haddaoui , Alexander J. Haibel , Anubhab Haldar , Vehaan Handa , Hassan Harb , Nathan D. Harms , Abdullah Al Hasan , Abir Hassan , Qiyao He , Andrés Henao-Aristizábal , Bram Hoex , Sungil Hong , Alexander J. Horvath , Md. Shaib Hossain , Yanqi Huang , Yuqing Huang , Kostiantyn Hubaiev , Donald Intal , Katherine Inzani , Kevin Ishimwe , Tugba Isik , Gopal R. Iyer , Katharina Jager , Jan Janssen , Hyewon Jeong , Michael Jirasek , Tyler R. Josephson , Nisarg Joshi , Yassir Ben Kacem , Remya A. M. Kalapurakal , Rakesh R. Kamath , Sugan Kanagasenthinathan , Dohun Kang , Jason Kantorow , Kübra Kaygisiz , Murat Keceli , Farhana Keya , Muhammad U. Khan , Sartaaj Takrim Khan , Hyungjun Kim , Alexander Kister , Sascha Klawohn , Collin Kovacs , Pranav Krishnan , Maurycy Kryzanowski , Ritesh Kumar , Suman Kumari , Gourav Kumbhojkar , Ryo Kuroki , Shashank Kushwaha , Magdalena Lederbauer , Jaejun Lee , Seunghan Lee , Jeonghwan Lee , Bingcan Li , Calvin Li , Zhanzhao Li , Shi Li , Shicheng Li , Chengyan Liu , Hao Liu , Tung Yan Liu , Yutong Liu , Lucia Vina-Lopez , Chayaphol Lortaraparsert , Andre K. Y. Low , Saffron Luxford , Carlos Madariaga , Rishikesh Magar , Piyush R. Maharana , Rahul Mallela , Shoaib Mahmud , Natesan Mani , Umair Mansoor , Omar B. Mansour , Cassandra Masschelein , Kinga O. Mastej , Ankit Mathanker , Jeffrey Meng , Omran Mezghani , Yidong Ming , Rishav Mitra , Michail Mitsakis , Matthew Miyagishima , Ravikumar Mohan , Naveen R. Mohanraj , Trupti Mohanty , Bernadette Mohr , Francisco A. Molina-Bakhos , Jeremy Monat , Seyed Mohamad Moosavi , Shayan Mousavi , Arman Moussavi , Rubel Mozumber , Muhammad J. Mufti , Diyana Muhammed , Ram Munde , Mrigi Munjal , José A. Márquez , Shankha Nag , Giacomo Nagaro , Juno Nam , Jose M. Napoles-Duarte , Ry Nduma , Xuan-Vu Nguyen , Ebrahim Norouzi , Oluwatosin Ohiro , Ryotaro Okabe , Viejay Ordillo , Shuichiro Ozawa , Sebastian Pagel , Daniel Palmer , Angela Pan , Akash Pandey , Vivek Pandit , Prakul Pandit , Chiku Parida , Jaehee Park , Hyunsoo Park , Hemangi Patel , Shakul Pathak , Taradutt Pattnaik , Elena Patyukova , Noah Paulson , Deepak S. Pendyala , Erick S. Pepek , Martin H. Petersen , Thang D. Pham , Aniket Phutane , Sabila K. Pinky , Étienne Polack , Alison Polasik , Maria Politi , Tim Pongratz , Akhila Ponugoti , Fabio Priante , Thomas Michael Pruyn , Sai S. Puppala , Mohammad A. Qazi , Heike Quosdorf , Gollam Rabby , Mohammad J. Raei , Md. Habibur Rahman , A. B. M. Ashikur Rahman , Subhashree Rajasekaran , Tawfiqur Rakib , Hemanth N. Ramesh , Vrushali Ranadive , Karnamohit Ranka , Bojana Rankovic , Adwaith Ravichandran , Ilija Rašović , Sergei Rigin , Tatem Rios , Varun Rishi , Victor Naden Robinson , Lucas S. Rodrigues , Oswaldo Rodriguez , Mahule Roy , Diptendu Roy , Subhas Roy , Arokia Anto Royan M , Joseph F. Rudzinski , Muhammad Sabih , Subramanyam Sahoo , Srusti Bheem Sain , Thahira Saliya , Vignesh Sampath , Jesus Diaz Sanchez , Arthur S. S. Santos , Muliady Satria , Hasan M. Sayeed , Jörg Schaarschmidt , Philippe Schwaller , Nofit Segal , Abhishec Senthilvel , Sherjeel Shabih , Devanshu Shah , Faezeh Shahmoradi , Samiha Sharlin , Killian Sheriff , Qiuyu Shi , Abubakar D. Shuaibu , Ayesha Siddiqua , M. A. Shadab Siddiqui , Darian Smalley , Benjamin Smith , Taylor D. Sparks , Daniel T. Speckhard , Elena Stojanovska , Akshay Subramanian , Jiwon Sun , Yunkai Sun , Abdul W. Syed , Souvik Ta , Izumi Takahara , Kelly Tallau , Guannan Tang , Ans B. Tariq , Sui X. Tay , Nurlybek Temirbay , Surya P. Tiwari , Febin Tom , Tajah Trapier , Kasidet J. Trerayapiwat , Samanvya Tripathi , Hawra H. Tuhaifa , Mustafa Unal , Mohammad Uzair , Vallabh Vasudevan , Estefania Vazquez , Victor Venturi , Rahul Verma , Ashwini Verma , Alvaro Vazquez-Mayagoitia , Nicholas Wagner , Araki Wakiuchi , Hao Wan , Liaoyaqi Wang , Wolfgang Wenzel , Alexander Wieczorek , Sze H. Wong , Yue Wu , Tong Xie , Andrew Yi , Ziqi Yin , Jodie A. Yuwono , Nahed A. Zaid , Mohd Zaki , Shehtab Zaman , Maimuna U. Zarewa , Mahtab Zehtab , Baosen Zhang , Wenyu Zhang , Melody Zhang , Yangfan Zhang , Yuwen Zhang , Runze Zhang , Zongmin Zhang , Huanhuan Zhao , Yuanlong Bill Zheng , Ramzi Zidani , Xue Zong , Ian Foster , Ben Blaiszik

Eliciting information to reduce uncertainty about a latent entity is a critical task in many application domains, e.g., assessing individual student learning outcomes, diagnosing underlying diseases, or learning user preferences. Though…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Jimmy Wang , Thomas Zollo , Richard Zemel , Hongseok Namkoong