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Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) allow collaborative access to an app's data. We describe a novel CRDT operation, for-each on the list of CRDTs, and demonstrate its use in collaborative apps. Our for-each operation applies a…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Matthew Weidner , Ria Pradeep , Benito Geordie , Heather Miller

In Opportunistic Networks (OppNets), the dissemination of information can only rely on transient pairwise radio contacts between mobile devices (peers). Designing distributed applications that can run in such conditions is a challenge, but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Frédéric Guidec , Yves Mahéo

Commutative Replicated Data-Type (CRDT) is a new class of algorithms that ensures scalable consistency of replicated data. It has been successfully applied to collaborative editing of texts without complex concurrency control. In this…

Databases · Computer Science 2010-10-19 Stéphane Martin , Pascal Urso , Stéphane Weiss

To ensure high availability in large scale distributed systems, Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) relax consistency by allowing immediate query and update operations at the local replica, with no need for remote synchronization.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Vitor Enes , Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Carlos Baquero , João Leitão

CRDTs are distributed data types that make eventual consistency of a distributed object possible and non ad-hoc. Specifically, state-based CRDTs ensure convergence through disseminating the en- tire state, that may be large, and merging it…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2015-03-04 Paulo Sérgio Almeida , Ali Shoker , Carlos Baquero

A collaborative object represents a data type (such as a text document) designed to be shared by a group of dispersed users. The Operational Transformation (OT) is a coordination approach used for supporting optimistic replication for these…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-07-30 Abdessamad Imine

Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are distributed data structures designed for fault tolerance and high availability. CRDTs have historically been taxonomized into state-based CRDTs, in which replicas apply updates locally and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Nathan Liittschwager , Jonathan Castello , Stelios Tsampas , Lindsey Kuper

Distributed storage systems employ replication to improve performance and reliability. To provide low latency data access, replicas are often required to accept updates without coordination with each other, and the updates are then…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Yuqi Zhang , Hengfeng Wei , Yu Huang

Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are a natural structure with which to communicate information about a shared computation in a distributed setting where coordination overhead may not be tolerated, and individual participants are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Taylor Blau

A CRDT is a data type whose operations commute when they are concurrent. Replicas of a CRDT eventually converge without any complex concurrency control. As an existence proof, we exhibit a non-trivial CRDT: a shared edit buffer called…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2009-07-07 Mihai Letia , Nuno Preguiça , Marc Shapiro

Maintaining multiple replicas of data is crucial to achieving scalability, availability and low latency in distributed applications. Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) are important building blocks in this domain because they are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-05-15 Kartik Nagar , Suresh Jagannathan

OT (Operational Transformation) was invented for supporting real-time co-editors in the late 1980s and has evolved to become a core technique used in today's working co-editors and adopted in major industrial products. CRDT (Commutative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-06-11 David Sun , Chengzheng Sun , Agustina Ng , Weiwei Cai

The need for real-time collaborative solutions in model-driven engineering has been increasing over the past years. Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDT) provide scalable and robust replication mechanisms that align well with the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Istvan David , Eugene Syriani

OT (Operational Transformation) was invented for supporting real-time co-editors in the late 1980s and has evolved to become a core technique used in today's working co-editors and adopted in major industrial products. CRDT (Commutative…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-08 Chengzheng Sun , David Sun , Agustina , Weiwei Cai

Um CRDT \'e um tipo de dados que pode ser replicado e modificado concorrentemente sem coordena\c{c}\~ao, garantindo-se a converg\^encia das r\'eplicas atrav\'es da resolu\c{c}\~ao autom\'atica de conflitos. Cada CRDT implementa uma…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-11 André Rijo , Carla Ferreira , Nuno Preguiça

By the CAP Theorem, a distributed data storage system can ensure either Consistency under Partition (CP) or Availability under Partition (AP), but not both. This has led to a split between CP databases, in which updates are synchronous, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-01-22 Marc Shapiro , Annette Bieniusa , Nuno Preguiça , Valter Balegas , Christopher Meiklejohn

We introduce Conflict-Aware Replicated Data Types (CARDs). CARDs are significantly more expressive than Conflict-free Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) as they support operations that can conflict with each other. Introducing conflicting…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-09-27 Nicholas V. Lewchenko , Arjun Radhakrishna , Akash Gaonkar , Pavol Černý

All 26 neural network merge strategies we tested including weight averaging, SLERP, TIES, DARE, Fisher merging, and evolutionary approaches -- fail the algebraic properties (commutativity, associativity, idempotency) required for…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ryan Gillespie

The development of distributed systems requires developers to balance the need for consistency, availability, and partition tolerance. Conflict-free replicated data types (CRDTs) are widely used in eventually consistent systems to reduce…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-06-19 Xin Zhao , Philipp Haller

Virtual presence demands ultra-low latency, a factor that centralized architectures, by their nature, cannot minimize. Local peer-to-peer architectures offer a compelling alternative, but also pose unique challenges in terms of network…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Abel Dantas , Carlos Baquero