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The widespread integration of wearable sensing devices in Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems, particularly in healthcare, smart homes, and industrial applications, has required robust human activity recognition (HAR) techniques to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-24 W. K. M Mithsara , Ning Yang , Ahmed Imteaj , Hussein Zangoti , Abdur R. Shahid

Spam messages continue to present significant challenges to digital users, cluttering inboxes and posing security risks. Traditional spam detection methods, including rules-based, collaborative, and machine learning approaches, struggle to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Qiyao Tang , Xiangyang Li

In this paper, we present a challenging code reasoning task: vulnerability detection. Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in natural-language and math reasoning, but state-of-the-art (SOTA) models reported only 54.5%…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Benjamin Steenhoek , Md Mahbubur Rahman , Monoshi Kumar Roy , Mirza Sanjida Alam , Hengbo Tong , Swarna Das , Earl T. Barr , Wei Le

Small Language Models (SLMs) are increasingly being deployed in resource-constrained environments, yet their behavioral robustness to data contamination during instruction tuning remains poorly understood. We systematically investigate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Nicy Scaria , Silvester John Joseph Kennedy , Deepak Subramani

While large language models have achieved remarkable performance on various code generation benchmarks, there have been growing concerns regarding potential contamination of these benchmarks as they may be leaked into pretraining and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Martin Riddell , Ansong Ni , Arman Cohan

Hampering the interpretation of benchmark scores, evaluation data contamination has become a growing concern in the evaluation of LLMs, and an active area of research studies its effects. While evaluation data contamination is easily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Aaditya K. Singh , Muhammed Yusuf Kocyigit , Andrew Poulton , David Esiobu , Maria Lomeli , Gergely Szilvasy , Dieuwke Hupkes

Large Language Models (LLMs) utilize large amounts of data for their training, some of which may come from copyrighted sources. Membership Inference Attacks (MIA) aim to detect those documents and whether they have been included in the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Juliusz Janicki , Savvas Chamezopoulos , Evangelos Kanoulas , Georgios Tsatsaronis

As large language models (LLMs) often generate plausible but incorrect content, error detection has become increasingly critical to ensure truthfulness. However, existing detection methods often overlook a critical problem we term as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Hexiang Tan , Fei Sun , Sha Liu , Du Su , Qi Cao , Xin Chen , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Yuanzhuo Wang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Data contamination poses a significant challenge to the fairness of LLM evaluations in natural language processing tasks by inadvertently exposing models to test data during training. Current studies attempt to mitigate this issue by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jingqian Zhao , Bingbing Wang , Geng Tu , Yice Zhang , Qianlong Wang , Bin Liang , Jing Li , Ruifeng Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become foundational in modern artificial intelligence, powering a wide range of applications from code generation and virtual assistants to scientific research and enterprise automation. However, concerns…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Le Vu Anh , Dinh Duc Nha Nguyen , Phi Long Nguyen

The emerging success of large language models (LLMs) heavily relies on collecting abundant training data from external (untrusted) sources. Despite substantial efforts devoted to data cleaning and curation, well-constructed LLMs have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Tianlin Li , Qian Liu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Qing Guo , Yang Liu , Min Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as transformative tools for software vulnerability detection, addressing critical challenges in the security domain. Traditional methods, such as static and dynamic analysis, often falter due to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Ze Sheng , Zhicheng Chen , Shuning Gu , Heqing Huang , Guofei Gu , Jeff Huang

Evidence-enhanced detectors present remarkable abilities in identifying malicious social text. However, the rise of large language models (LLMs) brings potential risks of evidence pollution to confuse detectors. This paper explores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Herun Wan , Minnan Luo , Zhixiong Su , Guang Dai , Xiang Zhao

Large Language Models are a promising tool for automated vulnerability detection, thanks to their success in code generation and repair. However, despite widespread adoption, a critical question remains: Are LLMs truly effective at…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Yue Li , Xiao Li , Hao Wu , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng , Fengyuan Xu , Sheng Zhong

Large language models are increasingly trained on all the data ever produced by humans. Many have raised concerns about the trustworthiness of public benchmarks due to potential contamination in pre-training or fine-tuning datasets. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Shuo Yang , Wei-Lin Chiang , Lianmin Zheng , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

While automated vulnerability detection techniques have made promising progress in detecting security vulnerabilities, their scalability and applicability remain challenging. The remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Avishree Khare , Saikat Dutta , Ziyang Li , Alaia Solko-Breslin , Rajeev Alur , Mayur Naik

Reinforcement learning (RL) post-training has shown to improve reasoning in large language models (LLMs). However, there has been little exploration on the problem of data contamination in RL post-training, potentially undermining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Minju Gwak , Minseo Kwak , Dongseok Lee , Guijin Son , Alan Ritter , Jaehyung Kim

Recent work suggests that large language models (LLMs) can improve performance of speech tasks compared to existing systems. To support their claims, results on LibriSpeech and Common Voice are often quoted. However, this work finds that a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-06 Yuan Tseng , Titouan Parcollet , Rogier van Dalen , Shucong Zhang , Sourav Bhattacharya

Benchmark Data Contamination (BDC)-the inclusion of benchmark testing samples in the training set-has raised increasing concerns in Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation, leading to falsely inflated performance estimates and undermining…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Yifan Sun , Han Wang , Dongbai Li , Gang Wang , Huan Zhang

While many have shown how Large Language Models (LLMs) can be applied to a diverse set of tasks, the critical issues of data contamination and memorization are often glossed over. In this work, we address this concern for tabular data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Sebastian Bordt , Harsha Nori , Rich Caruana