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Background: Value alignment in computer science research is often used to refer to the process of aligning artificial intelligence with humans, but the way the phrase is used often lacks precision. Objectives: In this paper, we conduct a…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Jack McKinlay , Marina De Vos , Janina A. Hoffmann , Andreas Theodorou

One of today's most significant societal challenges is building AI systems whose behaviour, or the behaviour it enables within communities of interacting agents (human and artificial), aligns with human values. To address this challenge, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nardine Osman , Mark d'Inverno

The importance of benchmarks for assessing the values of language models has been pronounced due to the growing need of more authentic, human-aligned responses. However, existing benchmarks rely on human or machine annotations that are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jongwook Han , Dongmin Choi , Woojung Song , Eun-Ju Lee , Yohan Jo

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly integrated into various domains, ensuring that they align with human values becomes critical. This paper introduces a novel formalism to quantify the alignment between AI systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Fazl Barez , Philip Torr

The field of artificial intelligence (AI) alignment aims to investigate whether AI technologies align with human interests and values and function in a safe and ethical manner. AI alignment is particularly relevant for large language models…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Thilo Hagendorff , Sarah Fabi

This paper critically evaluates the attempts to align Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, especially Large Language Models (LLMs), with human values and intentions through Reinforcement Learning from Feedback (RLxF) methods, involving…

Social alignment in AI systems aims to ensure that these models behave according to established societal values. However, unlike humans, who derive consensus on value judgments through social interaction, current language models (LMs) are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Ruibo Liu , Ruixin Yang , Chenyan Jia , Ge Zhang , Denny Zhou , Andrew M. Dai , Diyi Yang , Soroush Vosoughi

Prior research has revealed that certain abstract concepts are linearly represented as directions in the representation space of LLMs, predominantly centered around English. In this paper, we extend this investigation to a multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Shaoyang Xu , Weilong Dong , Zishan Guo , Xinwei Wu , Deyi Xiong

Generative AI models ought to be useful and safe across cross-cultural contexts. One critical step toward this goal is understanding how AI models adhere to sociocultural norms. While this challenge has gained attention in NLP, existing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Myra Cheng , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran , Alice Oh , Hayk Stepanyan , Aishwarya Verma , Charu Kalia , Erin MacMurray van Liemt , Sunipa Dev

Many NLP classification tasks, such as sexism/racism detection or toxicity detection, are based on human values. Yet, human values can vary under diverse cultural conditions. Therefore, we introduce a framework for value-aligned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Yejin Bang , Tiezheng Yu , Andrea Madotto , Zhaojiang Lin , Mona Diab , Pascale Fung

AI alignment considers how we can encode AI systems in a way that is compatible with human values. The normative side of this problem asks what moral values or principles, if any, we should encode in AI. To this end, we present a framework…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Betty Li Hou , Brian Patrick Green

The alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values is critical for their safe and effective deployment across diverse user populations. However, existing benchmarks often neglect cultural and demographic diversity, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yao Liang , Dongcheng Zhao , Feifei Zhao , Guobin Shen , Yuwei Wang , Dongqi Liang , Yi Zeng

The wide exploration of large language models (LLMs) raises the awareness of alignment between healthcare stakeholder preferences and model outputs. This alignment becomes a crucial foundation to empower the healthcare workflow effectively,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Kexin Ding , Mu Zhou , Akshay Chaudhari , Shaoting Zhang , Dimitris N. Metaxas

The ongoing evolution of AI paradigms has propelled AI research into the agentic AI stage. Consequently, the focus of research has shifted from single agents and simple applications towards multi-agent autonomous decision-making and task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Wei Zeng , Hengshu Zhu , Chuan Qin , Han Wu , Yihang Cheng , Sirui Zhang , Xiaowei Jin , Yinuo Shen , Zhenxing Wang , Feimin Zhong , Hui Xiong

This study establishes a novel framework for systematically evaluating the moral reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) as they increasingly integrate into critical societal domains. Current assessment methodologies lack the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Abhejay Murali , Kevin Chen , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

Evaluating the value alignment of large language models (LLMs) has traditionally relied on single-sentence adversarial prompts, which directly probe models with ethically sensitive or controversial questions. However, with the rapid…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Yazhou Zhang , Qimeng Liu , Qiuchi Li , Peng Zhang , Jing Qin

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) requires robust evaluation of their alignment with local values and ethical standards, especially as existing benchmarks often reflect the cultural, legal, and ideological values of their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Gwenyth Isobel Meadows , Nicholas Wai Long Lau , Eva Adelina Susanto , Chi Lok Yu , Aditya Paul

Existing research primarily evaluates the values of LLMs by examining their stated inclinations towards specific values. However, the "Value-Action Gap," a phenomenon rooted in environmental and social psychology, reveals discrepancies…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hua Shen , Nicholas Clark , Tanushree Mitra

AI alignment refers to models acting towards human-intended goals, preferences, or ethical principles. Given that most large-scale deep learning models act as black boxes and cannot be manually controlled, analyzing the similarity between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Jiyoung Lee , Seungho Kim , Seunghyun Won , Joonseok Lee , Marzyeh Ghassemi , James Thorne , Jaeseok Choi , O-Kil Kwon , Edward Choi

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into society, their alignment with human morals is crucial. To better understand this alignment, we created a large corpus of human- and LLM-generated responses to various moral…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Basile Garcia , Crystal Qian , Stefano Palminteri