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Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

Multi-modal Large Language Model (MLLM) refers to a model expanded from a Large Language Model (LLM) that possesses the capability to handle and infer multi-modal data. Current MLLMs typically begin by using LLMs to decompose tasks into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Yongqiang Zhao , Zhenyu Li , Feng Zhang , Xinhai Xu , Donghong Liu

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), LLM-based agents have been widely adopted in various fields, becoming essential for autonomous decision-making and interactive tasks. However, current work typically relies on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Shangheng Du , Jiabao Zhao , Jinxin Shi , Zhentao Xie , Xin Jiang , Yanhong Bai , Liang He

Large language models (LLMs) encode a vast amount of world knowledge acquired from massive text datasets. Recent studies have demonstrated that LLMs can assist an embodied agent in solving complex sequential decision making tasks by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Bin Hu , Chenyang Zhao , Pu Zhang , Zihao Zhou , Yuanhang Yang , Zenglin Xu , Bin Liu

While a number of existing approaches for building foundation model agents rely on prompting or fine-tuning with human demonstrations, it is not sufficient in dynamic environments (e.g., mobile device control). On-policy reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Hao Bai , Yifei Zhou , Li Erran Li , Sergey Levine , Aviral Kumar

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) leverage tools, often in the form of APIs, to improve their reasoning capabilities on complex tasks. This enables them to act as intelligent agents interacting with the real world. The recently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Sijia Chen , Yibo Wang , Yi-Feng Wu , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Lijun Zhang

Conversational assistants powered by large language models (LLMs) excel at tool-use tasks but struggle with adhering to complex, business-specific rules. While models can reason over business rules provided in context, including all…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Shubhashis Roy Dipta , Daniel Bis , Kun Zhou , Lichao Wang , Benjamin Z. Yao , Chenlei Guo , Ruhi Sarikaya

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in completing various tasks. However, solving complex problems often requires the coordination of multiple agents, raising a fundamental question: how to effectively select and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Eric Hanchen Jiang , Levina Li , Rui Sun , Xiao Liang , Yubei Li , Yuchen Wu , Haozheng Luo , Hengli Li , Zhi Zhang , Zhaolu Kang , Kai-Wei Chang , Ying Nian Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are extensively used in text generation tasks. These generative capabilities bring us to a point where LLMs could potentially provide useful insights in policy making or agency operations. In this paper, we…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Aleksandra Edwards , Thomas Edwards , Jose Camacho-Collados , Alun Preece

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly capable but often require significant guidance or extensive interaction history to perform effectively in complex, interactive environments. Existing methods may struggle with adapting to new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Samuel Holt , Max Ruiz Luyten , Thomas Pouplin , Mihaela van der Schaar

We aim to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) for embodied decision making. While a significant body of work has been leveraging LLMs for decision making in embodied environments, we still lack a systematic understanding of their…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results in knowledge-based Visual Question Answering (VQA). However existing methods still have challenges: the inability to use external tools autonomously, and the inability to work in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Zhongjian Hu , Peng Yang , Bing Li , Zhenqi Wang

This paper surveys the development of large language model (LLM)-based agents for question answering (QA). Traditional agents face significant limitations, including substantial data requirements and difficulty in generalizing to new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Murong Yue

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential in automating machine learning tasks. However, existing LLM-based agents often struggle with low-diversity and suboptimal code generation. While recent work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Zujie Liang , Feng Wei , Wujiang Xu , Lin Chen , Yuxi Qian , Xinhui Wu

Question answering (QA) plays a central role in financial education, yet existing large language model (LLM) approaches often fail to capture the nuanced and specialized reasoning required for financial problem-solving. The financial domain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Andy Zhu , Yingjun Du

The performance of large language models (LLMs) depends on how they are prompted, with choices spanning both the high-level prompting pattern (e.g., Zero-Shot, CoT, ReAct, ReWOO) and the specific prompt content (instructions and few-shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Claudio Spiess , Mandana Vaziri , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to extract context from natural language problem descriptions naturally raises questions about their suitability in autonomous decision-making settings. This paper studies the behaviour of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Xiao Yang , Juxi Leitner , Michael Burke

Requirements Engineering (RE) plays a pivotal role in software development, encompassing tasks such as requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, and change management. Despite its critical importance, RE faces challenges including…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Malik Abdul Sami , Muhammad Waseem , Zheying Zhang , Zeeshan Rasheed , Kari Systä , Pekka Abrahamsson

We introduce an approach aimed at enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) through an iterative preference learning process inspired by the successful strategy employed by AlphaZero. Our work leverages Monte…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yuxi Xie , Anirudh Goyal , Wenyue Zheng , Min-Yen Kan , Timothy P. Lillicrap , Kenji Kawaguchi , Michael Shieh

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have demonstrated remarkable generalization capabilities across multi-domain tasks. Existing agent tuning approaches typically employ supervised finetuning on entire expert trajectories. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Zhixun Chen , Ming Li , Yuxuan Huang , Yali Du , Meng Fang , Tianyi Zhou