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From telecommunication to computing architectures, the realm of classical information hinges on converter technology to enable the exchange of data between digital and analog formats, a process now routinely performed across a variety of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-29 T. Darras , B. E. Asenbeck , G. Guccione , A. Cavaillès , H. Le Jeannic , J. Laurat

When classical or quantum information is broadcast to separate receivers, there exist codes that encrypt the encoded data such that the receivers cannot recover it when performing local operations and classical communication, but they can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-31 Cosmo Lupo , Mark M. Wilde , Seth Lloyd

Quantum circuit complexity is a fundamental concept whose importance permeates quantum information, computation, many-body physics and high-energy physics. While extensively studied in closed systems, its characterization and behaviors in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Zhenyu Du , Zi-Wen Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Implementing a qubit quantum computer in continuous-variable systems conventionally requires the engineering of specific interactions according to the encoding basis states. In this work, we present a unified formalism to conduct universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-06 Hoi-Kwan Lau , Martin B. Plenio

The recent development of quantum computing, which uses entanglement, superposition, and other quantum fundamental concepts, can provide substantial processing advantages over traditional computing. These quantum features help solve many…

The cost of data input can dominate the run-time of quantum algorithms. Here, we consider data input of arithmetically structured matrices via block encoding circuits, the input model for the quantum singular value transform and related…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 Christoph Sünderhauf , Earl Campbell , Joan Camps

The development of quantum computers has been the stimulus that enables the realization of Quantum Machine Learning (QML), an area that integrates the calculational framework of quantum mechanics with the adaptive properties of classical…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Bhavna Bose , Saurav Verma

Emerging quantum algorithms that process data require that classical input data be represented as a quantum state. These data-processing algorithms often follow the gate model of quantum computing--which requires qubits to be initialized to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-21 Aviraj Sinha , Elena R. Henderson , Jessie M. Henderson , Mitchell A. Thornton

Quantum computing is rapidly emerging as a promising technology for solving complex optimization problems that arise in various engineering fields. Therefore, it holds significant promise to transform the computational foundations of power…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Nikolaos G. Paterakis , Petros Karamanakos , Corey O'Meara , Georgios Papafotiou

Hybrid variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are promising for solving practical problems such as combinatorial optimization, quantum chemistry simulation, quantum machine learning, and quantum error correction on noisy quantum computers.…

We revisit the question of universality in quantum computing and propose a new paradigm. Instead of forcing a physical system to enact a predetermined set of universal gates (e.g., single-qubit operations and CNOT), we focus on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 D. Bacon , J. Kempe , D. P. DiVincenzo , D. A. Lidar , K. B. Whaley

Quantum computing holds transformative potential for medical applications, yet efficiently preparing quantum states from complex medical data remains a fundamental challenge. This survey provides a comprehensive examination of current…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Nikhil Kumar Rajput , Riya Bansal

Quantum programs today are written at a low level of abstraction - quantum circuits akin to assembly languages - and the unitary parts of even advanced quantum programming languages essentially function as circuit description languages.…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Chris Heunen , Louis Lemonnier , Christopher McNally , Alex Rice

Processing of digital images is continuously gaining in volume and relevance, with concomitant demands on data storage, transmission and processing power. Encoding the image information in quantum-mechanical systems instead of classical…

Entanglement is a non local property of quantum states which has no classical counterpart and plays a decisive role in quantum information theory. Several protocols, like the teleportation, are based on quantum entangled states. Moreover,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-12-08 Simon Perdrix

We propose an implementation of the algorithm for the fast Fourier transform (FFT) as a quantum circuit consisting of a combination of some quantum gates. In our implementation, a data sequence is expressed by a tensor product of vector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-11 Ryo Asaka , Kazumitsu Sakai , Ryoko Yahagi

Encoding classical data into quantum states is a central bottleneck in quantum machine learning: many widely used encodings are circuit-inefficient, requiring deep circuits and substantial quantum resources, which limits scalability on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Guang Lin , Toshihisa Tanaka , Qibin Zhao

If quantum machine learning emulates the ways of classical machine learning, data encoding in a quantum neural network is imperative for many reasons. One of the key ones is the complexity attributed to the data size depending upon the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Hillol Biswas

Quantum computing can provide speedups in solving many problems as the evolution of a quantum system is described by a unitary operator in an exponentially large Hilbert space. Such unitary operators change the phase of their eigenstates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 Youle Wang , Lei Zhang , Zhan Yu , Xin Wang

Quantum computation and quantum information are of great current interest in computer science, mathematics, physical sciences and engineering. They will likely lead to a new wave of technological innovations in communication, computation…

Methodology · Statistics 2012-10-03 Yazhen Wang