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Unsupervised black-box models are drivers of scientific discovery, yet are difficult to interpret, as their output is often a multidimensional embedding rather than a well-defined target. While explainability for supervised learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ivan Stresec , Joana P. Gonçalves

Automated audio captioning aims to describe audio data with captions using natural language. Existing methods often employ an encoder-decoder structure, where the attention-based decoder (e.g., Transformer decoder) is widely used and…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Feiyang Xiao , Jian Guan , Haiyan Lan , Qiaoxi Zhu , Wenwu Wang

While neural-based models have led to significant advancements in audio feature extraction, the interpretability of the learned representations remains a critical challenge. To address this, disentanglement techniques have been integrated…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Benoît Giniès , Xiaoyu Bie , Olivier Fercoq , Gaël Richard

The time delay neural network (TDNN) represents one of the state-of-the-art of neural solutions to text-independent speaker verification. However, they require a large number of filters to capture the speaker characteristics at any local…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Tianchi Liu , Rohan Kumar Das , Kong Aik Lee , Haizhou Li

LLM-based automatic speech recognition models demonstrate strong performance by connecting audio encoders and LLMs. However, data scarcity of paired speech and transcription often hinders their adaptation to new domains, making text-only…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ryo Magoshi , Takashi Maekaku , Yusuke Shinohara

The aim of this work is to provide a family of qualitative theories for spatial change in general, and for motion of spatial scenes in particular. To achieve this, we consider a spatio-temporalisation MTALC(D_x), of the well-known ALC(D)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Amar Isli

Recommender systems are widely used in online services, with embedding-based models being particularly popular due to their expressiveness in representing complex signals. However, these models often function as a black box, making them…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Yuxuan Lei , Jianxun Lian , Jing Yao , Xu Huang , Defu Lian , Xing Xie

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is targeted at understanding how models perform feature selection and derive their classification decisions. This paper explores post-hoc explanations for deep neural networks in the audio domain.…

This paper presents LEXR, a framework for explaining the decision making of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) using a formal description language called Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). LTL is the de facto standard for the specification of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Bishwamittra Ghosh , Daniel Neider

We present an approach to explain the decisions of black box models for image classification. While using the black box to label images, our explanation method exploits the latent feature space learned through an adversarial autoencoder.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Riccardo Guidotti , Anna Monreale , Stan Matwin , Dino Pedreschi

Decoder-only transformers have become the standard architecture for large language models (LLMs) due to their strong performance. Recent studies suggest that, in pre-trained LLMs, early, middle, and late layers may serve distinct roles:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Xuan Luo , Weizhi Wang , Xifeng Yan

The interpretability of model has become one of the obstacles to its wide application in the high-stake fields. The usual way to obtain interpretability is to build a black-box first and then explain it using the post-hoc methods. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Zihao Chen , Xiaomeng Wang , Yuanjiang Huang , Tao Jia

Despite the remarkable performance, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) behave as black-boxes hindering user trust in Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. Research on opening black-box DNN can be broadly categorized into post-hoc methods and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Sandareka Wickramanayake , Wynne Hsu , Mong Li Lee

This study introduces LENS-DF, a novel and comprehensive recipe for training and evaluating audio deepfake detection and temporal localization under complicated and realistic audio conditions. The generation part of the recipe outputs…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Xuechen Liu , Wanying Ge , Xin Wang , Junichi Yamagishi

Improving the interpretability of deep neural networks has recently gained increased attention, especially when the power of deep learning is leveraged to solve problems in physics. Interpretability helps us understand a model's ability to…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Karim Helwani , Erfan Soltanmohammadi , Michael M. Goodwin

Audio tokenizers are fundamental to unifying audio understanding and generation. Understanding requires high-level semantics, while generation demands semantic and acoustic details. Existing unified tokenizers jointly encode both in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-28 Zhisheng Zhang , Xiang Li , Yixuan Zhou , Jing Peng , Guoyang Zeng , Zhiyong Wu

Text-to-audio (TTA) system has recently gained attention for its ability to synthesize general audio based on text descriptions. However, previous studies in TTA have limited generation quality with high computational costs. In this study,…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Haohe Liu , Zehua Chen , Yi Yuan , Xinhao Mei , Xubo Liu , Danilo Mandic , Wenwu Wang , Mark D. Plumbley

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning ability through explicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, but generating these step-by-step textual explanations is computationally expensive and slow. To overcome this, we aim…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Chang Li , Yaren Zhang , Haoran Lv , Qiong Cao , Chao Xue , Xiaodong He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable success across diverse fields, establishing a powerful paradigm for complex information processing. This has inspired the integration of speech into LLM frameworks, often by…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-30 Xiangyu Zhang , Fuming Fang , Peng Gao , Bin Qin , Beena Ahmed , Julien Epps

Recent advances in self-supervised learning (SSL) on Transformers have significantly improved speaker verification (SV) by providing domain-general speech representations. However, existing approaches have underutilized the multi-layered…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-16 Jin Sob Kim , Hyun Joon Park , Wooseok Shin , Juan Yun , Sung Won Han