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Music captioning has emerged as a promising task, fueled by the advent of advanced language generation models. However, the evaluation of music captioning relies heavily on traditional metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGE which were…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jinwoo Lee , Kyogu Lee

Image Captioning is a current research task to describe the image content using the objects and their relationships in the scene. To tackle this task, two important research areas converge, artificial vision, and natural language…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Othón González-Chávez , Guillermo Ruiz , Daniela Moctezuma , Tania A. Ramirez-delReal

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

While in-context learning with large language models (LLMs) has shown impressive performance, we have discovered a unique miscalibration behavior where both correct and incorrect predictions are assigned the same level of confidence. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Wei Cheng , Tianlu Wang , Yanmin Ji , Fan Yang , Keren Tan , Yiyu Zheng

Camouflage is primarily context-dependent yet current metrics for camouflaged scenarios overlook this critical factor. Instead, these metrics are originally designed for evaluating general or salient objects, with an inherent assumption of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Chen-Yang Wang , Gepeng Ji , Song Shao , Ming-Ming Cheng , Deng-Ping Fan

The task of generating natural language descriptions from images has received a lot of attention in recent years. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly important to evaluate such image captioning approaches in an automatic manner. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-12-23 Mert Kilickaya , Aykut Erdem , Nazli Ikizler-Cinbis , Erkut Erdem

Conformal prediction is an emerging technique for uncertainty quantification that constructs prediction sets guaranteed to contain the true label with a predefined probability. Previous works often employ temperature scaling to calibrate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Huajun Xi , Jianguo Huang , Kangdao Liu , Lei Feng , Hongxin Wei

The image captioning task is about to generate suitable descriptions from images. For this task there can be several challenges such as accuracy, fluency and diversity. However there are few metrics that can cover all these properties while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Chao Zeng , Sam Kwong

Modern language models (LMs) pose a new challenge in capability assessment. Static benchmarks inevitably saturate without providing confidence in the deployment tolerances of LM-based systems, but developers nonetheless claim that their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Michael Saxon , Ari Holtzman , Peter West , William Yang Wang , Naomi Saphra

Reference models convey best practices and standards. The reference frameworks necessitate conformance checks to ensure adherence to established guidelines and principles, which is crucial for maintaining quality and consistency in various…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Bernhard Rumpe , Max Stachon , Sebastian Stüber , Valdes Voufo

Large language models can now directly generate answers to many factual questions without referencing external sources. Unfortunately, relatively little attention has been paid to methods for evaluating the quality and correctness of these…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Negar Arabzadeh , Amin Bigdeli , Charles L. A. Clarke

Automated audio captioning (AAC) is an important cross-modality translation task, aiming at generating descriptions for audio clips. However, captions generated by previous AAC models have faced ``false-repetition'' errors due to the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-21 Hanxue Zhang , Zeyu Xie , Xuenan Xu , Mengyue Wu , Kai Yu

Text simplification lacks a universal standard of quality, and annotated reference simplifications are scarce and costly. We propose to alleviate such limitations by introducing REFeREE, a reference-free model-based metric with a 3-stage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Yichen Huang , Ekaterina Kochmar

Most existing image captioning evaluation metrics focus on assigning a single numerical score to a caption by comparing it with reference captions. However, these methods do not provide an explanation for the assigned score. Moreover,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yebin Lee , Imseong Park , Myungjoo Kang

For users to trust model predictions, they need to understand model outputs, particularly their confidence - calibration aims to adjust (calibrate) models' confidence to match expected accuracy. We argue that the traditional calibration…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Chenglei Si , Chen Zhao , Sewon Min , Jordan Boyd-Graber

Chart-to-summary generation can help explore data, communicate insights, and help the visually impaired people. Multi-modal generative models have been used to produce fluent summaries, but they can suffer from factual and perceptual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Syrine Krichene , Francesco Piccinno , Fangyu Liu , Julian Martin Eisenschlos

Sensor calibration is one of the fundamental challenges in large-scale IoT networks. In this article, we address the challenge of reference-free calibration of a densely deployed sensor network. Conventionally, to calibrate an in-place…

Applications · Statistics 2018-12-14 Raj Thilak Rajan , Rob-van Schaijk , Anup Das , Jac Romme , Frank Pasveer

Purpose: Reliable image quality assessment is crucial for evaluating new motion correction methods for magnetic resonance imaging. In this work, we compare the performance of commonly used reference-based and reference-free image quality…

Medical Physics · Physics 2025-06-18 Elisa Marchetto , Hannah Eichhorn , Daniel Gallichan , Julia A. Schnabel , Melanie Ganz

This paper presents a new metric called TIGEr for the automatic evaluation of image captioning systems. Popular metrics, such as BLEU and CIDEr, are based solely on text matching between reference captions and machine-generated captions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-06 Ming Jiang , Qiuyuan Huang , Lei Zhang , Xin Wang , Pengchuan Zhang , Zhe Gan , Jana Diesner , Jianfeng Gao

Automatic machine translation metrics typically rely on human translations to determine the quality of system translations. Common wisdom in the field dictates that the human references should be of very high quality. However, there are no…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Vilém Zouhar , Ondřej Bojar