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Referenceless metrics (e.g., CLIPScore) use pretrained vision--language models to assess image descriptions directly without costly ground-truth reference texts. Such methods can facilitate rapid progress, but only if they truly align with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Elisa Kreiss , Eric Zelikman , Christopher Potts , Nick Haber

Evaluating the compatibility between textual descriptions and corresponding images represents a core endeavor within multi-modal research. In recent years, a proliferation of reference-free methods, leveraging visual-language pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Zheng Ma , Changxin Wang , Yawen Ouyang , Fei Zhao , Jianbing Zhang , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

Evaluating image captions typically relies on reference captions, which are costly to obtain and exhibit significant diversity and subjectivity. While reference-free evaluation metrics have been proposed, most focus on cross-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Tianyu Cui , Jinbin Bai , Guo-Hua Wang , Qing-Guo Chen , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang , Ye Shi

There is significant interest in developing evaluation metrics which accurately estimate the quality of generated text without the aid of a human-written reference text, which can be time consuming and expensive to collect or entirely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Daniel Deutsch , Rotem Dror , Dan Roth

Metrics to evaluate audio captions simply provide a score without much explanation regarding what may be wrong in case the score is low. Manual human intervention is needed to find any shortcomings of the caption. In this work, we introduce…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Rehana Mahfuz , Yinyi Guo , Arvind Krishna Sridhar , Erik Visser

Image captioning has conventionally relied on reference-based automatic evaluations, where machine captions are compared against captions written by humans. This is in contrast to the reference-free manner in which humans assess caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Jack Hessel , Ari Holtzman , Maxwell Forbes , Ronan Le Bras , Yejin Choi

Image caption generation systems are typically evaluated against reference outputs. We show that it is possible to predict output quality without generating the captions, based on the probability assigned by the neural model to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-05 Marc Tanti , Albert Gatt , Adrian Muscat

Automatic image captioning evaluation is critical for benchmarking and promoting advances in image captioning research. Existing metrics only provide a single score to measure caption qualities, which are less explainable and informative.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Anwen Hu , Shizhe Chen , Liang Zhang , Qin Jin

Recently, reference-free metrics such as CLIPScore (Hessel et al., 2021), UMIC (Lee et al., 2021), and PAC-S (Sarto et al., 2023) have been proposed for automatic reference-free evaluation of image captions. Our focus lies in evaluating the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Saba Ahmadi , Aishwarya Agrawal

While Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have advanced audio captioning, robust evaluation remains difficult. Reference-based metrics are expensive and often fail to assess acoustic fidelity, while Contrastive Language-Audio Pretraining…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Insung Lee , Taeyoung Jeong , Haejun Yoo , Du-Seong Chang , Myoung-Wan Koo

Automatic metrics are used as proxies to evaluate abstractive summarization systems when human annotations are too expensive. To be useful, these metrics should be fine-grained, show a high correlation with human annotations, and ideally be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Théo Gigant , Camille Guinaudeau , Marc Decombas , Frédéric Dufaux

Audio captioning quality metrics which are typically borrowed from the machine translation and image captioning areas measure the degree of overlap between predicted tokens and gold reference tokens. In this work, we consider a metric…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Rehana Mahfuz , Yinyi Guo , Erik Visser

Automated audio captioning aims at generating textual descriptions for an audio clip. To evaluate the quality of generated audio captions, previous works directly adopt image captioning metrics like SPICE and CIDEr, without justifying their…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Zelin Zhou , Zhiling Zhang , Xuenan Xu , Zeyu Xie , Mengyue Wu , Kenny Q. Zhu

Despite the recent success of automatic metrics for assessing translation quality, their application in evaluating the quality of machine-translated chats has been limited. Unlike more structured texts like news, chat conversations are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Sweta Agrawal , Amin Farajian , Patrick Fernandes , Ricardo Rei , André F. T. Martins

A number of automatic evaluation metrics have been proposed for natural language generation systems. The most common approach to automatic evaluation is the use of a reference-based metric that compares the model's output with gold-standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Takumi Ito , Kees van Deemter , Jun Suzuki

The majority of automatic metrics for evaluating NLG systems are reference-based. However, the challenge of collecting human annotation results in a lack of reliable references in numerous application scenarios. Despite recent advancements…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Shuqian Sheng , Yi Xu , Luoyi Fu , Jiaxin Ding , Lei Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

We propose VC-Inspector, a lightweight, open-source large multimodal model (LMM) for reference-free evaluation of video captions, with a focus on factual accuracy. Unlike existing metrics that suffer from limited context handling, weak…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shubhashis Roy Dipta , Tz-Ying Wu , Subarna Tripathi

We focus on the automatic evaluation of image captions in both reference-based and reference-free settings. Existing metrics based on large language models (LLMs) favor their own generations; therefore, the neutrality is in question. Most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shinnosuke Hirano , Yuiga Wada , Kazuki Matsuda , Seitaro Otsuki , Komei Sugiura

The Automated Audio Captioning (AAC) task aims to describe an audio signal using natural language. To evaluate machine-generated captions, the metrics should take into account audio events, acoustic scenes, paralinguistics, signal…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Satvik Dixit , Soham Deshmukh , Bhiksha Raj

A trustworthy real-world prediction system should produce well-calibrated confidence scores; that is, its confidence in an answer should be indicative of the likelihood that the answer is correct, enabling deferral to an expert in cases of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Katherine Tian , Eric Mitchell , Allan Zhou , Archit Sharma , Rafael Rafailov , Huaxiu Yao , Chelsea Finn , Christopher D. Manning
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