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A decision-maker must consider cofounding bias when attempting to apply machine learning prediction, and, while feature selection is widely recognized as important process in data-analysis, it could cause cofounding bias. A causal Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-02 Akihiro Yabe

Causal reasoning is viewed as crucial for achieving human-level machine intelligence. Recent advances in language models have expanded the horizons of artificial intelligence across various domains, sparking inquiries into their potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Sirui Chen , Bo Peng , Meiqi Chen , Ruiqi Wang , Mengying Xu , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao , Shengjie Zhao , Yu Qiao , Chaochao Lu

Multi-label classification (MLC) remains vulnerable to label imbalance, spurious correlations, and distribution shifts, challenges that are particularly detrimental to rare label prediction. To address these limitations, we introduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yijia Fan , Jusheng Zhang , Kaitong Cai , Jing Yang , Keze Wang

For a given causal question, it is important to efficiently decide which causal inference method to use for a given dataset. This is challenging because causal methods typically rely on complex and difficult-to-verify assumptions, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Shantanu Gupta , Cheng Zhang , Agrin Hilmkil

Causal discovery is fundamental to scientific understanding and reliable decision-making. Existing approaches face critical limitations: purely data-driven methods suffer from statistical indistinguishability and modeling assumptions, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Bo Peng , Sirui Chen , Lei Xu , Chaochao Lu

Many practical decision-making problems in economics and healthcare seek to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational data. The Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DML) is one of the prevalent methods to estimate ATE in…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-12-07 Yiyan Huang , Cheuk Hang Leung , Xing Yan , Qi Wu , Shumin Ma , Zhiri Yuan , Dongdong Wang , Zhixiang Huang

We introduce OpportunityFinder, a code-less framework for performing a variety of causal inference studies with panel data for non-expert users. In its current state, OpportunityFinder only requires users to provide raw observational data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Huy Nguyen , Prince Grover , Devashish Khatwani

Causal learning is the key to obtaining stable predictions and answering \textit{what if} problems in decision-makings. In causal learning, it is central to seek methods to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) from observational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-07 Yiyan Huang , Cheuk Hang Leung , Qi Wu , Xing Yan

To draw scientifically meaningful conclusions and build reliable models of quantitative phenomena, cause and effect must be taken into consideration (either implicitly or explicitly). This is particularly challenging when the measurements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Max A. Little , Reham Badawy

Causal reasoning is the main learning and explanation tool used by humans. AI systems should possess causal reasoning capabilities to be deployed in the real world with trust and reliability. Introducing the ideas of causality to machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy

Scaling laws have allowed Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) into the field of causal reasoning. Causal reasoning of PLM relies solely on text-based descriptions, in contrast to causal discovery which aims to determine the causal…

Medical image analysis is a vibrant research area that offers doctors and medical practitioners invaluable insight and the ability to accurately diagnose and monitor disease. Machine learning provides an additional boost for this area.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Athanasios Vlontzos , Daniel Rueckert , Bernhard Kainz

Graph data is becoming increasingly prevalent due to the growing demand for relational insights in AI across various domains. Organizations regularly use graph data to solve complex problems involving relationships and connections. Causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Simi Job , Xiaohui Tao , Taotao Cai , Haoran Xie , Jianming Yong , Xin Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) and causal learning each hold strong potential for clinical decision making (CDM). However, their synergy remains poorly understood, largely due to the lack of systematic benchmarks evaluating their integration…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Linna Wang , Zhixuan You , Qihui Zhang , Jiunan Wen , Ji Shi , Yimin Chen , Yusen Wang , Fanqi Ding , Ziliang Feng , Li Lu

Numerous benchmarks aim to evaluate the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) for causal inference and reasoning. However, many of them can likely be solved through the retrieval of domain knowledge, questioning whether they achieve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Linying Yang , Vik Shirvaikar , Oscar Clivio , Fabian Falck

Causal representation learning (CRL) enhances machine learning models' robustness and generalizability by learning structural causal models associated with data-generating processes. We focus on a family of CRL methods that uses contrastive…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-17 Xiusi Li , Sékou-Oumar Kaba , Siamak Ravanbakhsh

Estimation of causal effects is the core objective of many scientific disciplines. However, it remains a challenging task, especially when the effects are estimated from observational data. Recently, several promising machine learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-02 Niki Kiriakidou , Christos Diou

Causal machine learning tools are beginning to see use in real-world policy evaluation tasks to flexibly estimate treatment effects. One issue with these methods is that the machine learning models used are generally black boxes, i.e.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Patrick Rehill , Nicholas Biddle

Causality has become a fundamental approach for explaining the relationships between events, phenomena, and outcomes in various fields of study. It has invaded various fields and applications, such as medicine, healthcare, economics,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Abraham Itzhak Weinberg , Cristiano Premebida , Diego Resende Faria

Causal modeling has long been an attractive topic for many researchers and in recent decades there has seen a surge in theoretical development and discovery algorithms. Generally discovery algorithms can be divided into two approaches:…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-06 Ridho Rahmadi , Perry Groot , Marianne Heins , Hans Knoop , Tom Heskes