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In this paper, we have extended the well-established universal approximator theory to neural networks that use the unbounded ReLU activation function and a nonlinear softmax output layer. We have proved that a sufficiently large neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Behnam Asadi , Hui Jiang

We propose the Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), a high-performing neural network activation function. The GELU activation function is $x\Phi(x)$, where $\Phi(x)$ the standard Gaussian cumulative distribution function. The GELU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Dan Hendrycks , Kevin Gimpel

We propose a novel activation function that implements piece-wise orthogonal non-linear mappings based on permutations. It is straightforward to implement, and very computationally efficient, also it has little memory requirements. We…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-02-02 Artem Chernodub , Dimitri Nowicki

This work introduces a novel activation unit that can be efficiently employed in deep neural nets (DNNs) and performs significantly better than the traditional Rectified Linear Units (ReLU). The function developed is a two parameter version…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Narendra Patwardhan , Madhura Ingalhalikar , Rahee Walambe

For most state-of-the-art architectures, Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) becomes a standard component accompanied with each layer. Although ReLU can ease the network training to an extent, the character of blocking negative values may suppress…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Xuanyi Dong , Guoliang Kang , Kun Zhan , Yi Yang

Activation functions are central to deep networks, influencing non-linearity, feature learning, convergence, and robustness. This paper proposes the Adaptive Arctangent Gated Activation (ArcGate) function, a flexible formulation that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Avik Bhattacharya , Siddhant Dnyanesh Gole , Subhasis Chaudhuri , Alejandro C. Frery , Biplab Banerjee

We study the problem of training deep neural networks with Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function using gradient descent and stochastic gradient descent. In particular, we study the binary classification problem and show that for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Difan Zou , Yuan Cao , Dongruo Zhou , Quanquan Gu

We propose a new notion of `non-linearity' of a network layer with respect to an input batch that is based on its proximity to a linear system, which is reflected in the non-negative rank of the activation matrix. We measure this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-09 Edo Collins , Siavash Arjomand Bigdeli , Sabine Süsstrunk

With the recent substantial growth of media such as YouTube, a considerable number of instructional videos covering a wide variety of tasks are available online. Therefore, online instructional videos have become a rich resource for humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-01 Seong Tae Kim , Yong Man Ro

Activation functions are key to effective backpropagation and expressiveness in deep neural networks. This work introduces Tangma, a new activation function that combines the smooth shape of the hyperbolic tangent with two learnable…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Shreel Golwala

This paper introduces and evaluates a novel training method for neural networks: Dual Variable Learning Rates (DVLR). Building on insights from behavioral psychology, the dual learning rates are used to emphasize correct and incorrect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-11 Elizabeth Liner , Risto Miikkulainen

We consider neural networks with rational activation functions. The choice of the nonlinear activation function in deep learning architectures is crucial and heavily impacts the performance of a neural network. We establish optimal bounds…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Nicolas Boullé , Yuji Nakatsukasa , Alex Townsend

We analyze a simple one-hidden-layer neural network with ReLU activation functions and fixed biases, with one-dimensional input and output. We study both continuous and discrete versions of the model, and we rigorously prove the convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Fabricio Macià , Shu Nakamura

Nonlinear activation functions are widely recognized for enhancing the expressivity of neural networks, which is the primary reason for their widespread implementation. In this work, we focus on ReLU activation and reveal a novel and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Chaoyue Liu , Han Bi , Like Hui , Xiao Liu

As the emerging field of machine learning, deep learning shows excellent ability in solving complex learning problems. However, the size of the networks becomes increasingly large scale due to the demands of the practical applications,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Chao Wang , Qi Yu , Lei Gong , Xi Li , Yuan Xie , Xuehai Zhou

In this paper, we introduce a novel type of Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), called a Dual Rectified Linear Unit (DReLU). A DReLU, which comes with an unbounded positive and negative image, can be used as a drop-in replacement for a tanh…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Fréderic Godin , Jonas Degrave , Joni Dambre , Wesley De Neve

We extended the work of proposed activation function, Noisy Softplus, to fit into training of layered up spiking neural networks (SNNs). Thus, any ANN employing Noisy Softplus neurons, even of deep architecture, can be trained simply by the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Qian Liu , Yunhua Chen , Steve Furber

Sparse computation offers a compelling solution for the inference of Large Language Models (LLMs) in low-resource scenarios by dynamically skipping the computation of inactive neurons. While traditional approaches focus on ReLU-based LLMs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Zhengyan Zhang , Yixin Song , Guanghui Yu , Xu Han , Yankai Lin , Chaojun Xiao , Chenyang Song , Zhiyuan Liu , Zeyu Mi , Maosong Sun

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) may memorize sensitive cross-modal information during pretraining, making machine unlearning (MU) crucial. Existing methods typically evaluate unlearning effectiveness based on output deviations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jiahui Guang , Yingjie Zhu , Cuiyun Gao , Haiyan Wang , Jing Li , Di Shao , Zhaoquan Gu

Learning automatically the best activation function for the task is an active topic in neural network research. At the moment, despite promising results, it is still difficult to determine a method for learning an activation function that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Andrea Apicella , Francesco Isgrò , Roberto Prevete