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As autonomous vehicles (AVs) take on growing Operational Design Domains (ODDs), they need to go through a systematic, transparent, and scalable evaluation process to demonstrate their benefits to society. Current scenario sampling…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Anne Collin , Amitai Y. Bin-Nun , Radboud Duintjer Tebbens

Automated Driving Systems (ADS) hold great potential to increase safety, mobility, and equity. However, without public acceptance, none of these promises can be fulfilled. To engender public trust, many entities in the ADS community…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Scott Schnelle , Francesca M. Favaro

Discovering hazardous scenarios is crucial in testing and further improving driving policies. However, conducting efficient driving policy testing faces two key challenges. On the one hand, the probability of naturally encountering…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Weilin Liu , Ye Mu , Chao Yu , Xuefei Ning , Zhong Cao , Yi Wu , Shuang Liang , Huazhong Yang , Yu Wang

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are complex systems that drive in uncertain environments and potentially navigate unforeseeable situations. Safety of these systems requires not only an absence of malfunctions but also high performance of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Anne Collin , Artur Bilka , Scott Pendleton , Radboud Duintjer Tebbens

Drivers are becoming increasingly reliant on advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) as autonomous driving technology becomes more popular and developed with advanced safety features to enhance road safety. However, the increasing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Cheng Chen , Grant Xiao , Daehyun Lee , Lishan Yang , Evgenia Smirni , Homa Alemzadeh , Xugui Zhou

Behavior prediction remains one of the most challenging tasks in the autonomous vehicle (AV) software stack. Forecasting the future trajectories of nearby agents plays a critical role in ensuring road safety, as it equips AVs with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Francis Indaheng , Edward Kim , Kesav Viswanadha , Jay Shenoy , Jinkyu Kim , Daniel J. Fremont , Sanjit A. Seshia

Scenario-based testing is an indispensable instrument for the comprehensive validation and verification of automated vehicles (AVs). However, finding a manageable and finite, yet representative subset of scenarios in a scalable, possibly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ferdinand Mütsch , Maximilian Zipfl , Nikolai Polley , J. Marius Zöllner

The simulation-based testing of Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs) has gained significant attention. However, current approaches often fall short of accurately assessing ADSs for two reasons: over-reliance on expert knowledge and the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Ping Zhang , Lingfeng Ming , Tingyi Yuan , Cong Qiu , Yang Li , Xinhua Hui , Zhiquan Zhang , Chao Huang

Existing evaluation paradigms for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) face critical limitations. Real-world evaluation is often challenging due to safety concerns and a lack of reproducibility, whereas closed-loop simulation can face insufficient…

Safety architectures play a crucial role in the safety assurance of automated driving vehicles (ADVs). They can be used as safety envelopes of black-box ADV controllers, and for graceful degradation from one ODD to another. Building on our…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Clovis Eberhart , Jérémy Dubut , James Haydon , Ichiro Hasuo

Safety validation of autonomous driving systems requires high-risk scenario coverage, clear collision semantics, executable trajectories, and attributable multi-vehicle interactions. Existing safety-critical scenario generation methods…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Cheng Wang , Chen Xiong , Ziwen Wang , Yuchen Zhou , Qiang Liu

We present a new approach to automated scenario-based testing of the safety of autonomous vehicles, especially those using advanced artificial intelligence-based components, spanning both simulation-based evaluation as well as testing in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 Daniel J. Fremont , Edward Kim , Yash Vardhan Pant , Sanjit A. Seshia , Atul Acharya , Xantha Bruso , Paul Wells , Steve Lemke , Qiang Lu , Shalin Mehta

The capability to follow a lead-vehicle and avoid rear-end collisions is one of the most important functionalities for human drivers and various Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). Existing safety performance justification of the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Bowen Weng , Minghao Zhu , Keith Redmill

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are prone to revolutionise the transportation industry. However, they must be thoroughly tested to avoid safety violations. Simulation testing plays a crucial role in finding safety violations of Automated Driving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Victor Crespo-Rodriguez , Neelofar , Aldeida Aleti

Challenges related to automated driving are no longer focused on just the construction of such automated vehicles (AVs), but in assuring the safety of their operation. Recent advances in Level 3 and Level 4 autonomous driving have motivated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-09 Tong Zhao , Ekim Yurtsever , Joel Paulson , Giorgio Rizzoni

Simulation-based testing remains the main approach for validating Autonomous Driving Systems. We propose a rigorous test method based on breaking down scenarios into simple ones, taking into account the fact that autopilots make decisions…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Changwen Li , Joseph Sifakis , Rongjie Yan , Jian Zhang

Automated Vehicles require exhaustive testing in simulation to detect as many safety-critical failures as possible before deployment on public roads. In this work, we focus on the core decision-making component of autonomous robots: their…

Many players in the automotive field support scenario-based assessment of automated vehicles (AVs), where individual traffic situations can be tested and, thus, facilitate concluding on the performance of AVs in different situations. Since…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Detian Guo , Manuel Muñoz Sánchez , Erwin de Gelder , Tom P. J. van der Sande

Automated vehicles (AVs) are of great potential in reducing crashes on the road. However, it is still complicated to eliminate all the possible accidents, especially those with vulnerable road users (VRUs), who are among the greater risk…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-05-22 Aditya Deshmukh , Zifei Wang , Aaron Gunn , Huizhong Guo , Rini Sherony , Fred Feng , Brian Lin , Shan Bao , Feng Zhou

This paper presents an automated driving system (ADS) data acquisition and processing platform for vehicle trajectory extraction, reconstruction, and evaluation based on connected automated vehicle (CAV) cooperative perception. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Xin Xia , Zonglin Meng , Xu Han , Hanzhao Li , Takahiro Tsukiji , Runsheng Xu , Zhaoliang Zhang , Jiaqi Ma