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Knowledge-grounded dialogue (KGD) learns to generate an informative response based on a given dialogue context and external knowledge (\emph{e.g.}, knowledge graphs; KGs). Recently, the emergence of large language models (LLMs) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-10 Jiaan Wang , Jianfeng Qu , Kexin Wang , Zhixu Li , Wen Hua , Ximing Li , An Liu

Evaluating the quality and variability of text generated by Large Language Models (LLMs) poses a significant, yet unresolved research challenge. Traditional evaluation methods, such as ROUGE and BERTScore, which measure token similarity,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Wendi Cui , Jiaxin Zhang , Zhuohang Li , Lopez Damien , Kamalika Das , Bradley Malin , Sricharan Kumar

Contrastive learning (CL) continuously achieves significant breakthroughs across multiple domains. However, the most common InfoNCE-based methods suffer from some dilemmas, such as \textit{uniformity-tolerance dilemma} (UTD) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Zizheng Huang , Haoxing Chen , Ziqi Wen , Chao Zhang , Huaxiong Li , Bo Wang , Chunlin Chen

Pre-trained language models (LMs) store knowledge in their parameters and can generate informative responses when used in conversational systems. However, LMs suffer from the problem of "hallucination:" they may generate plausible-looking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Weiwei Sun , Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Pengjie Ren , Maarten de Rijke , Zhaochun Ren

LLM alignment remains a critical challenge. Inference-time methods provide a flexible alternative to fine-tuning, but their uniform computational effort often yields suboptimal alignment. We hypothesize that for many alignment tasks, the…

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multimodal capabilities, but they inherit the tendency to hallucinate from their underlying language models. While visual contrastive decoding has been proposed to mitigate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Eun Woo Im , Muhammad Kashif Ali , Vivek Gupta

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds large language models (LLMs) in external evidence, but fails when retrieved sources conflict or contain outdated or subjective information. Prior work address these issues independently but lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Shubham Mishra , Samyek Jain , Gorang Mehrishi , Shiv Tiwari , Harsh Sharma , Pratik Narang , Dhruv Kumar

Video language models (Video-LLMs) are prone to hallucinations, often generating plausible but ungrounded content when visual evidence is weak, ambiguous, or biased. Existing decoding methods, such as contrastive decoding (CD), rely on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Qixin Xiao

We propose a straightforward approach called Distillation Contrastive Decoding (DCD) to enhance the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) during inference. In contrast to previous approaches that relied on smaller amateur…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Phuc Phan , Hieu Tran , Long Phan

Retrieval-Augmented Language Models (RALMs) have significantly improved performance in open-domain question answering (QA) by leveraging external knowledge. However, RALMs still struggle with unanswerable queries, where the retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Seong-Il Park , Seung-Woo Choi , Na-Hyun Kim , Jay-Yoon Lee

Large Language Models have been shown to contain extensive world knowledge in their parameters, enabling impressive performance on many knowledge intensive tasks. However, when deployed in novel settings, LLMs often encounter situations…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Khurram Yamin , Gaurav Ghosal , Bryan Wilder

Although multimodal large language models (MLLMs) exhibit remarkable reasoning capabilities on complex multimodal understanding tasks, they still suffer from the notorious hallucination issue: generating outputs misaligned with obvious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Wei Chen , Xin Yan , Bin Wen , Fan Yang , Tingting Gao , Di Zhang , Long Chen

LLMs are widely used in knowledge-intensive tasks where the same fact may be revised multiple times within context. Unlike prior work focusing on one-shot updates or single conflicts, multi-update scenarios contain multiple historically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Boyu Qiao , Sean Guo , Xian Yang , Kun Li , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu , Yunya Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in solving mathematical reasoning tasks, leveraging Chain-of-Thought (CoT) data as a vital component in guiding answer generation. Current paradigms typically generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Honglin Lin , Zhuoshi Pan , Yu Li , Qizhi Pei , Xin Gao , Mengzhang Cai , Conghui He , Lijun Wu

Contextual information at inference time, such as demonstrations, retrieved knowledge, or interaction history, can substantially improve large language models (LLMs) without parameter updates, yet its theoretical role remains poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Dingzirui Wang , Xuanliang Zhang , Keyan Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che , Yang Deng

The knowledge within large language models (LLMs) may become outdated quickly. While in-context editing (ICE) is currently the most effective method for knowledge editing (KE), it is constrained by the black-box modeling of LLMs and thus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Baolong Bi , Shenghua Liu , Lingrui Mei , Yiwei Wang , Pengliang Ji , Xueqi Cheng

Machine unlearning aims to remove specific information, e.g. sensitive or undesirable content, from large language models (LLMs) while preserving overall performance. We propose an inference-time unlearning algorithm that uses contrastive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Vinith M. Suriyakumar , Ayush Sekhari , Ashia Wilson

In-context learning has become a popular paradigm in natural language processing. However, its performance can be significantly influenced by the order of in-context demonstration examples. In this paper, we found that causal language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yanzheng Xiang , Hanqi Yan , Lin Gui , Yulan He

Scientific reasoning rarely stops at what is directly observable; it often requires uncovering hidden structure from data. From estimating reaction constants in chemistry to inferring demand elasticities in economics, this latent structure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Chaemin Jang , Woojin Park , Hyeok Yun , Dongman Lee , Jihee Kim

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods are viable solutions for addressing the static memory limits of pre-trained language models. Nevertheless, encountering conflicting sources of information within the retrieval context is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Quang Hieu Pham , Hoang Ngo , Anh Tuan Luu , Dat Quoc Nguyen