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Large language models (LLMs) are trained on vast amounts of text from the internet, which contains both factual and misleading information about the world. While unintuitive from a classic view of LMs, recent work has shown that the truth…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Nitish Joshi , Javier Rando , Abulhair Saparov , Najoung Kim , He He

Counterfactual explanations shed light on the decisions of black-box models by explaining how an input can be altered to obtain a favourable decision from the model (e.g., when a loan application has been rejected). However, as noted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Francesco Leofante , Nico Potyka

Reasoning with LLMs increasingly unfolds inside a broader verification loop. Internally, systems use cheap checks, such as self-consistency or proxy rewards, which we call weak verification. Externally, users inspect outputs and steer the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Shayan Kiyani , Sima Noorani , George Pappas , Hamed Hassani

Despite demonstrating impressive capabilities, Large Language Models (LLMs) still often struggle to accurately express the factual knowledge they possess, especially in cases where the LLMs' knowledge boundaries are ambiguous. To improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Boyang Xue , Fei Mi , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Erxin Yu , Xuming Hu , Kam-Fai Wong

Evaluation and ranking of large language models (LLMs) has become an important problem with the proliferation of these models and their impact. Evaluation methods either require human responses which are expensive to acquire or use pairs of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Amit Dhurandhar , Rahul Nair , Moninder Singh , Elizabeth Daly , Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy

Misinformation such as fake news is one of the big challenges of our society. Research on automated fact-checking has proposed methods based on supervised learning, but these approaches do not consider external evidence apart from labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Kashyap Popat , Subhabrata Mukherjee , Andrew Yates , Gerhard Weikum

Self-evolving agents should not train on examples they cannot justify. Data-free self-evolving search agents offer a scalable route to systems that generate their own questions, answer them, and improve from their own feedback without human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yamato Arai , Yuma Ichikawa

In Bayesian analysis, prior elicitation, or the process of facilitating the expression of one's beliefs to inform statistical modeling, is an essential yet challenging step. Analysts often have beliefs about real-world variables and their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yuwei Xiao , Shuai Ma , Antti Oulasvirta , Eunice Jun

Evaluating an explanation's faithfulness is desired for many reasons such as trust, interpretability and diagnosing the sources of model's errors. In this work, which focuses on the NLI task, we introduce the methodology of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Suzanna Sia , Anton Belyy , Amjad Almahairi , Madian Khabsa , Luke Zettlemoyer , Lambert Mathias

The ability to persuade others is critical to professional and personal success. However, crafting persuasive messages is demanding and poses various challenges. We conducted nine exploratory case studies to identify adaptations that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Sebastian Duerr , Krystian Teodor Lange , Peter A. Gloor

Benchmarking the capabilities of AI systems, including Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision Models, typically ignores the impact of uncertainty in the underlying ground truth answers from experts. This ambiguity is not just limited to…

We study a crowdsourcing problem where the platform aims to incentivize distributed workers to provide high quality and truthful solutions without the ability to verify the solutions. While most prior work assumes that the platform and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Chao Huang , Haoran Yu , Jianwei Huang , Randall A. Berry

A myriad of explainability methods have been proposed in recent years, but there is little consensus on how to evaluate them. While automatic metrics allow for quick benchmarking, it isn't clear how such metrics reflect human interaction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Ana Valeria Gonzalez , Anna Rogers , Anders Søgaard

Fact-checking the truthfulness of claims usually requires reasoning over multiple evidence sentences. Oftentimes, evidence sentences may not be always self-contained, and may require additional contexts and references from elsewhere to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Delvin Ce Zhang , Dongwon Lee

The quality of probabilistic forecasts is crucial for decision-making under uncertainty. While proper scoring rules incentivize truthful reporting of precise forecasts, they fall short when forecasters face epistemic uncertainty about their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Anurag Singh , Siu Lun Chau , Krikamol Muandet

In the Bayesian persuasion model, a sender can convince a receiver to choose an alternative action to the one originally preferred by the receiver. A crucial assumption in this model is the sender's commitment to a predetermined information…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Jiahao Zhang , Shuran Zheng , Renato Paes Leme , Zhiwei Steven Wu

Although much research has focused on AI explanations to support decisions in complex information-seeking tasks such as fact-checking, the role of evidence is surprisingly under-researched. In our study, we systematically varied explanation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Greta Warren , Jingyi Sun , Irina Shklovski , Isabelle Augenstein

What would be the consequences if there were fundamental limits to our ability to experimentally explore the world? In this work we seriously consider this question. We assume the existence of statements whose truth value is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-11 Jacopo Surace

Prediction markets elicit and aggregate beliefs by paying agents based on how close their predictions are to a verifiable future outcome. However, outcomes of many important questions are difficult to verify or unverifiable, in that the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Siddarth Srinivasan , Ezra Karger , Yiling Chen

In earlier work, we introduced flexible inference and decision-theoretic metareasoning to address the intractability of normative inference. Here, rather than pursuing the task of computing beliefs and actions with decision models composed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Eric J. Horvitz , Adrian Klein