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The detection of a stochastic gravitational-wave signal from the superposition of many inspiraling supermassive black holes with pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) is likely to occur within the next decade. With this detection will come the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-24 Laura Sampson , Neil J. Cornish , Sean T. McWilliams

Theories beyond general relativity (GR) modify the propagation of gravitational waves (GWs). In some, inhomogeneities (aka. gravitational lenses) allow interactions between the metric and additional fields to cause lens-induced…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-25 Srashti Goyal , Aditya Vijaykumar , Jose Maria Ezquiaga , Miguel Zumalacarregui

Observations of gravitational waves emitted by merging compact binaries have provided tantalising hints about stellar astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. However, the physical parameters describing the systems, (mass, spin,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-29 Colm Talbot , Jacob Golomb

Gravitational wave predicted by General Relativity is the transverse wave of spatial strain. Several gravitational waveform signals from binary black holes and from a binary neutron star system accompanied by electromagnetic counterparts…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-05-02 Kai Liao , Marek Biesiada , Xi-Long Fan

The global network of interferometric gravitational wave (GW) observatories (LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA) has detected and characterized nearly 100 mergers of binary compact objects. However, many more real GWs are lurking sub-threshold, which need…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-06-28 Jack Heinzel , Colm Talbot , Gregory Ashton , Salvatore Vitale

To recognize gravitational wave lensing events and being able to differentiate between similar lens models will be of crucial importance once one will be observing several lensing events of gravitational waves per year. In this work, we…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-12-03 Paolo Cremonese , David F. Mota , Vincenzo Salzano

Secure confirmation that a gravitational wave (GW) has been gravitationally lensed would bring together these two pillars of General Relativity for the first time. This breakthrough is challenging for many reasons, including: GW sky…

The measurement of the Hubble constant $H_0$ plays a central role in modern cosmology. In this work, we investigate the potential of strongly lensed gravitational-wave (SLGW) signals from massive binary black hole mergers to constrain $H_0$…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-28 Yong Yuan , Minghui Du , Wen-Fan Feng , Benyang Zhu , Qing Diao , Peng Xu , Xilong Fan

The gravitational waves emitted by massive black hole binaries in the LISA band can be lensed. Wave-optics effects in the lensed signal are crucial when the Schwarzschild radius of the lens is smaller than the wavelength of the radiation.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-05-31 Mesut Çalışkan , Lingyuan Ji , Roberto Cotesta , Emanuele Berti , Marc Kamionkowski , Sylvain Marsat

Gravitational lensing causes background galaxy images to become aligned, and the statistical characteristics of the image alignments can then be used to constrain the power spectrum of mass fluctuations. Analyses of gravitational lensing…

Astrophysics · Physics 2017-08-23 A. F. Heavens

A small fraction of gravitational-wave (GW) signals from binary black holes (BBHs) will be gravitationally lensed by intervening galaxies and galaxy clusters. Strong lensing will produce multiple identical copies of the GW signal arriving…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-09 Koustav N. Maity , Souvik Jana , Tejaswi Venumadhav , Ankur Barsode , Parameswaran Ajith

A small fraction of the gravitational-wave (GW) signals from binary black holes observable by ground-based detectors will be strongly lensed by intervening objects such as galaxies and clusters. Strong lensing will produce nearly identical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-12-03 A. Barsode , S. Goyal , P. Ajith

Gravitational waves (GWs) from coalescing binary black holes (BBHs) can come from different environments. GWs interact gravitationally with astrophysical objects, which makes it possible to use gravitational lensing by objects in the same…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-16 Helena Ubach , Mark Gieles , Jordi Miralda-Escudé

In this paper, we systematically study gravitational waves (GWs) produced by remote compact astrophysical sources. To describe such GWs properly, we introduce three scales, $\lambda, \; L_c$ and $L$, denoting, respectively, the typical…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-30 Jared Fier , Xiongjun Fang , Bowen Li , Shinji Mukohyama , Anzhong Wang , Tao Zhu

According to the theory of general relativity, the relative acceleration of masses generates gravitational radiation. Although gravitational radiation has not yet been detected, it is believed that extremely violent cosmic events, such as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Douglas N. Arnold , Arup Mukherjee , Luc Pouly

We address the impact of consistent modifications of gravity on the largest observable scales, focusing on relativistic effects in galaxy number counts and the cross-correlation between the matter large scale structure (LSS) distribution…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-07-26 Janina Renk , Miguel Zumalacarregui , Francesco Montanari

Matched filtering is a long-standing technique for the optimal detection of known signals in stationary Gaussian noise. However, it has known departures from optimality when operating on unknown signals in real noise and suffers from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-07 Narenraju Nagarajan , Christopher Messenger

The equations for gravitational plane waves produced by a typical binary system as a solution of linear approximation of Einstein equations is derived. The dynamics of the corresponding gravitational field is analyzed in a 4-dimensional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-11-23 S. Nayeh , A. Latifi , S. Arbabi , M. Ghominejad

Within a Bayesian statistical framework, we jointly estimate the source and lens parameters and evaluate the relative evidence between the lensed and unlensed models. This work focuses on the wave optics effects induced by a point mass (PM)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-01-21 Yong Yuan , Minghui Du , Xin-yi Lin , Peng Xu , Xilong Fan

Accurate modeling of selection effects is a key ingredient to the success of gravitational-wave astronomy. The detection probability plays a crucial role in both statistical population studies, where it enters the hierarchical Bayesian…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-05-16 Davide Gerosa , Malvina Bellotti