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Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a class of deep learning models adept at understanding natural language and generating coherent responses to various prompts or queries. These models far exceed the complexity of conventional neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique

GCC and LLVM underpin much of modern software infrastructure, relying on distinct Intermediate Representations (IRs) to drive optimizations and code generation. However, the semantic and structural differences between these IRs create…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Andrea Valenzuela Ramirez , Cristian Gutierrez-Gomez , Marta Barroso , Dario Garcia-Gasulla , Sara Royuela

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) has opened new possibilities for automating various tasks in software development. This paper evaluates the capabilities of the Llama 2-70B model in automating these tasks for scientific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Patrick Diehl , Nojoud Nader , Maxim Moraru , Steven R. Brandt

Tokenization is a central component of natural language processing in current large language models (LLMs), enabling models to convert raw text into processable units. Although learned tokenizers are widely adopted, they exhibit notable…

Towards more general and human-like intelligence, large language models should seamlessly integrate both multilingual and multimodal capabilities; however, extending an existing multimodal model to many languages typically requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Zijing Wang , Mingyang Wang , Ercong Nie , Yongkang Liu , Shi Feng , Mengjie Zhao , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Hinrich Schütze

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly proposed for clinical decision support including multilingual diagnosis in low-resource settings. However, their reliability, calibration and safety characteristics remain insufficiently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Danish Ali , Li Xiaojian , Sundas Iqbal , Farrukh Zaidi

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced natural language processing, driving significant breakthroughs in tasks such as text generation, machine translation, and domain-specific reasoning. The field now faces a critical dilemma…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jiya Manchanda , Laura Boettcher , Matheus Westphalen , Jasser Jasser

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly multilingual, yet open models continue to underperform relative to proprietary systems, with the gap most pronounced for African languages. Continued pre-training (CPT) offers a practical route…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Hao Yu , Tianyi Xu , Michael A. Hedderich , Wassim Hamidouche , Syed Waqas Zamir , David Ifeoluwa Adelani

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across many NLP tasks, their opaque internal mechanisms hinder trustworthiness and safe deployment. Existing surveys in explainable AI largely focus on post-hoc explanation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yutong Gao , Qinglin Meng , Yuan Zhou , Liangming Pan

Developing machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) for complex materials systems remains challenging because it requires expertise in atomistic simulations, machine learning, and workflow design, as well as iterative active learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Wenwen Li , Yuki Orimo , Nontawat Charoenphakdee

Amidst the rapid advances of large language models (LLMs), most LLMs still struggle with mixed-language inputs, limited Codeswitching (CSW) datasets, and evaluation biases, which hinder their deployment in multilingual societies. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Rajvee Sheth , Samridhi Raj Sinha , Mahavir Patil , Himanshu Beniwal , Mayank Singh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art accuracies in a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, this success comes at the cost of increased model sizes which leads to additional computational burden.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Shrihari Sridharan , Sourjya Roy , Anand Raghunathan , Kaushik Roy

The overarching research direction of this work is the development of a ''Responsible Intelligence'' framework designed to reconcile the immense generative power of Large Language Models (LLMs) with the stringent requirements of real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Somnath Banerjee

Although diffusion language models (DLMs) are evolving quickly, many recent models converge on a set of shared components. These components, however, are distributed across ad-hoc research codebases or lack transparent implementations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhanhui Zhou , Lingjie Chen , Hanghang Tong , Dawn Song

Code-switching presents a complex challenge for syntactic analysis, especially in low-resource language settings where annotated data is scarce. While recent work has explored the use of large language models (LLMs) for sequence-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Olga Kellert , Nemika Tyagi , Muhammad Imran , Nelvin Licona-Guevara , Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez

Software vulnerability detection is generally supported by automated static analysis tools, which have recently been reinforced by deep learning (DL) models. However, despite the superior performance of DL-based approaches over rule-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Yanjing Yang , Xin Zhou , Runfeng Mao , Jinwei Xu , Lanxin Yang , Yu Zhangm , Haifeng Shen , He Zhang

We present an efficient method for adapting a monolingual Large Language Model (LLM) to another language, addressing challenges of catastrophic forgetting and tokenizer limitations. We focus this study on adapting Llama 2 to Arabic. Our…

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-28 BigScience Workshop , : , Teven Le Scao , Angela Fan , Christopher Akiki , Ellie Pavlick , Suzana Ilić , Daniel Hesslow , Roman Castagné , Alexandra Sasha Luccioni , François Yvon , Matthias Gallé , Jonathan Tow , Alexander M. Rush , Stella Biderman , Albert Webson , Pawan Sasanka Ammanamanchi , Thomas Wang , Benoît Sagot , Niklas Muennighoff , Albert Villanova del Moral , Olatunji Ruwase , Rachel Bawden , Stas Bekman , Angelina McMillan-Major , Iz Beltagy , Huu Nguyen , Lucile Saulnier , Samson Tan , Pedro Ortiz Suarez , Victor Sanh , Hugo Laurençon , Yacine Jernite , Julien Launay , Margaret Mitchell , Colin Raffel , Aaron Gokaslan , Adi Simhi , Aitor Soroa , Alham Fikri Aji , Amit Alfassy , Anna Rogers , Ariel Kreisberg Nitzav , Canwen Xu , Chenghao Mou , Chris Emezue , Christopher Klamm , Colin Leong , Daniel van Strien , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Dragomir Radev , Eduardo González Ponferrada , Efrat Levkovizh , Ethan Kim , Eyal Bar Natan , Francesco De Toni , Gérard Dupont , Germán Kruszewski , Giada Pistilli , Hady Elsahar , Hamza Benyamina , Hieu Tran , Ian Yu , Idris Abdulmumin , Isaac Johnson , Itziar Gonzalez-Dios , Javier de la Rosa , Jenny Chim , Jesse Dodge , Jian Zhu , Jonathan Chang , Jörg Frohberg , Joseph Tobing , Joydeep Bhattacharjee , Khalid Almubarak , Kimbo Chen , Kyle Lo , Leandro Von Werra , Leon Weber , Long Phan , Loubna Ben allal , Ludovic Tanguy , Manan Dey , Manuel Romero Muñoz , Maraim Masoud , María Grandury , Mario Šaško , Max Huang , Maximin Coavoux , Mayank Singh , Mike Tian-Jian Jiang , Minh Chien Vu , Mohammad A. Jauhar , Mustafa Ghaleb , Nishant Subramani , Nora Kassner , Nurulaqilla Khamis , Olivier Nguyen , Omar Espejel , Ona de Gibert , Paulo Villegas , Peter Henderson , Pierre Colombo , Priscilla Amuok , Quentin Lhoest , Rheza Harliman , Rishi Bommasani , Roberto Luis López , Rui Ribeiro , Salomey Osei , Sampo Pyysalo , Sebastian Nagel , Shamik Bose , Shamsuddeen Hassan Muhammad , Shanya Sharma , Shayne Longpre , Somaieh Nikpoor , Stanislav Silberberg , Suhas Pai , Sydney Zink , Tiago Timponi Torrent , Timo Schick , Tristan Thrush , Valentin Danchev , Vassilina Nikoulina , Veronika Laippala , Violette Lepercq , Vrinda Prabhu , Zaid Alyafeai , Zeerak Talat , Arun Raja , Benjamin Heinzerling , Chenglei Si , Davut Emre Taşar , Elizabeth Salesky , Sabrina J. Mielke , Wilson Y. Lee , Abheesht Sharma , Andrea Santilli , Antoine Chaffin , Arnaud Stiegler , Debajyoti Datta , Eliza Szczechla , Gunjan Chhablani , Han Wang , Harshit Pandey , Hendrik Strobelt , Jason Alan Fries , Jos Rozen , Leo Gao , Lintang Sutawika , M Saiful Bari , Maged S. Al-shaibani , Matteo Manica , Nihal Nayak , Ryan Teehan , Samuel Albanie , Sheng Shen , Srulik Ben-David , Stephen H. Bach , Taewoon Kim , Tali Bers , Thibault Fevry , Trishala Neeraj , Urmish Thakker , Vikas Raunak , Xiangru Tang , Zheng-Xin Yong , Zhiqing Sun , Shaked Brody , Yallow Uri , Hadar Tojarieh , Adam Roberts , Hyung Won Chung , Jaesung Tae , Jason Phang , Ofir Press , Conglong Li , Deepak Narayanan , Hatim Bourfoune , Jared Casper , Jeff Rasley , Max Ryabinin , Mayank Mishra , Minjia Zhang , Mohammad Shoeybi , Myriam Peyrounette , Nicolas Patry , Nouamane Tazi , Omar Sanseviero , Patrick von Platen , Pierre Cornette , Pierre François Lavallée , Rémi Lacroix , Samyam Rajbhandari , Sanchit Gandhi , Shaden Smith , Stéphane Requena , Suraj Patil , Tim Dettmers , Ahmed Baruwa , Amanpreet Singh , Anastasia Cheveleva , Anne-Laure Ligozat , Arjun Subramonian , Aurélie Névéol , Charles Lovering , Dan Garrette , Deepak Tunuguntla , Ehud Reiter , Ekaterina Taktasheva , Ekaterina Voloshina , Eli Bogdanov , Genta Indra Winata , Hailey Schoelkopf , Jan-Christoph Kalo , Jekaterina Novikova , Jessica Zosa Forde , Jordan Clive , Jungo Kasai , Ken Kawamura , Liam Hazan , Marine Carpuat , Miruna Clinciu , Najoung Kim , Newton Cheng , Oleg Serikov , Omer Antverg , Oskar van der Wal , Rui Zhang , Ruochen Zhang , Sebastian Gehrmann , Shachar Mirkin , Shani Pais , Tatiana Shavrina , Thomas Scialom , Tian Yun , Tomasz Limisiewicz , Verena Rieser , Vitaly Protasov , Vladislav Mikhailov , Yada Pruksachatkun , Yonatan Belinkov , Zachary Bamberger , Zdeněk Kasner , Alice Rueda , Amanda Pestana , Amir Feizpour , Ammar Khan , Amy Faranak , Ana Santos , Anthony Hevia , Antigona Unldreaj , Arash Aghagol , Arezoo Abdollahi , Aycha Tammour , Azadeh HajiHosseini , Bahareh Behroozi , Benjamin Ajibade , Bharat Saxena , Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis , Daniel McDuff , Danish Contractor , David Lansky , Davis David , Douwe Kiela , Duong A. Nguyen , Edward Tan , Emi Baylor , Ezinwanne Ozoani , Fatima Mirza , Frankline Ononiwu , Habib Rezanejad , Hessie Jones , Indrani Bhattacharya , Irene Solaiman , Irina Sedenko , Isar Nejadgholi , Jesse Passmore , Josh Seltzer , Julio Bonis Sanz , Livia Dutra , Mairon Samagaio , Maraim Elbadri , Margot Mieskes , Marissa Gerchick , Martha Akinlolu , Michael McKenna , Mike Qiu , Muhammed Ghauri , Mykola Burynok , Nafis Abrar , Nazneen Rajani , Nour Elkott , Nour Fahmy , Olanrewaju Samuel , Ran An , Rasmus Kromann , Ryan Hao , Samira Alizadeh , Sarmad Shubber , Silas Wang , Sourav Roy , Sylvain Viguier , Thanh Le , Tobi Oyebade , Trieu Le , Yoyo Yang , Zach Nguyen , Abhinav Ramesh Kashyap , Alfredo Palasciano , Alison Callahan , Anima Shukla , Antonio Miranda-Escalada , Ayush Singh , Benjamin Beilharz , Bo Wang , Caio Brito , Chenxi Zhou , Chirag Jain , Chuxin Xu , Clémentine Fourrier , Daniel León Periñán , Daniel Molano , Dian Yu , Enrique Manjavacas , Fabio Barth , Florian Fuhrimann , Gabriel Altay , Giyaseddin Bayrak , Gully Burns , Helena U. Vrabec , Imane Bello , Ishani Dash , Jihyun Kang , John Giorgi , Jonas Golde , Jose David Posada , Karthik Rangasai Sivaraman , Lokesh Bulchandani , Lu Liu , Luisa Shinzato , Madeleine Hahn de Bykhovetz , Maiko Takeuchi , Marc Pàmies , Maria A Castillo , Marianna Nezhurina , Mario Sänger , Matthias Samwald , Michael Cullan , Michael Weinberg , Michiel De Wolf , Mina Mihaljcic , Minna Liu , Moritz Freidank , Myungsun Kang , Natasha Seelam , Nathan Dahlberg , Nicholas Michio Broad , Nikolaus Muellner , Pascale Fung , Patrick Haller , Ramya Chandrasekhar , Renata Eisenberg , Robert Martin , Rodrigo Canalli , Rosaline Su , Ruisi Su , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Samuele Garda , Shlok S Deshmukh , Shubhanshu Mishra , Sid Kiblawi , Simon Ott , Sinee Sang-aroonsiri , Srishti Kumar , Stefan Schweter , Sushil Bharati , Tanmay Laud , Théo Gigant , Tomoya Kainuma , Wojciech Kusa , Yanis Labrak , Yash Shailesh Bajaj , Yash Venkatraman , Yifan Xu , Yingxin Xu , Yu Xu , Zhe Tan , Zhongli Xie , Zifan Ye , Mathilde Bras , Younes Belkada , Thomas Wolf

We propose a method to teach multiple large language models (LLM) to collaborate by interleaving their generations at the token level. We model the decision of which LLM generates the next token as a latent variable. By optimizing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Shannon Zejiang Shen , Hunter Lang , Bailin Wang , Yoon Kim , David Sontag

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable ability to comprehend, reason, and generate following nature language instructions. However, the development of LLMs has been primarily focused on high-resource languages, such as English,…