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The reuse of code fragments by copying and pasting is widely practiced in software development and results in code clones. Cloning is considered an anti-pattern as it negatively affects program correctness and increases maintenance efforts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-06-26 Hannes Thaller , Rudolf Ramler , Josef Pichler , Alexander Egyed

The application of code clone technology accelerates code search, improves code reuse efficiency, and assists in software quality assessment and code vulnerability detection. However, the application of code clones also introduces software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Xunhui Zhang , Tao Wang , Yue Yu , Yanzhi Zhang , Yan Zhong , Huaimin Wang

Measuring and evaluating source code similarity is a fundamental software engineering activity that embraces a broad range of applications, including but not limited to code recommendation, duplicate code, plagiarism, malware, and smell…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Morteza Zakeri-Nasrabadi , Saeed Parsa , Mohammad Ramezani , Chanchal Roy , Masoud Ekhtiarzadeh

The increasing adoption of AI-generated code has reshaped modern software development, introducing syntactic and semantic variations in cloned code. Unlike traditional human-written clones, AI-generated clones exhibit systematic syntactic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Ajmain Inqiad Alam , Palash Roy , Farouq Al-omari , Chanchal Roy , Banani Roy , Kevin Schneider

Given the availability of large source-code repositories, there has been a large number of applications for large-scale clone detection. Unfortunately, despite a decade of active research, there is a marked lack in clone detectors that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Vaibhav Saini , Hitesh Sajnani , Jaewoo Kim , Cristina Lopes

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various software engineering tasks, such as code generation and debugging, because of their ability to translate between programming languages and natural languages.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Wenqing Zhu , Norihiro Yoshida , Eunjong Choi , Yutaka Matsubara , Hiroaki Takada

Transformer networks such as CodeBERT already achieve outstanding results for code clone detection in benchmark datasets, so one could assume that this task has already been solved. However, code clone detection is not a trivial task.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Tim Sonnekalb , Bernd Gruner , Clemens-Alexander Brust , Patrick Mäder

A code clone is a pair of code fragments, within or between software systems that are similar. Since code clones often negatively impact the maintainability of a software system, several code clone detection techniques and tools have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Golam Mostaeen , Banani Roy , Chanchal Roy , Kevin Schneider , Jeffrey Svajlenko

The robustness and security of large language models (LLMs) has become a prominent research area. One notable vulnerability is the ability to bypass LLM safeguards by translating harmful queries into rare or underrepresented languages, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Hongliang Li , Jinan Xu , Gengping Cui , Changhao Guan , Fengran Mo , Kaiyu Huang

Code clones are identical or similar code segments. The wide existence of code clones can increase the cost of maintenance and jeopardise the quality of software. The research community has developed many techniques to detect code clones,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Wahidur Rahman , Yisen Xu , Fan Pu , Jifeng Xuan , Xiangyang Jia , Michail Basios , Leslie Kanthan , Lingbo Li , Fan Wu , Baowen Xu

Source code clone detection is the task of finding code fragments that have the same or similar functionality, but may differ in syntax or structure. This task is important for software maintenance, reuse, and quality assurance (Roy et al.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Mohammed Ataaur Rahaman , Julia Ive

Detecting code clones is relevant to software maintenance and code refactoring. This challenge still presents unresolved cases, mainly when structural similarity does not reflect functional equivalence, though recent code models show…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jorge Martinez-Gil

Inconsistent modifications to code clones can lead to software defects. Many approaches exist to support consistent modifications based on clone detection and/or change pattern extraction. However, no tool currently supports synchronization…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Motoki Abe , Shinpei Hayashi

Despite a decade of active research, there is a marked lack in clone detectors that scale to very large repositories of source code, in particular for detecting near-miss clones where significant editing activities may take place in the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-08-09 Hitesh Sajnani , Vaibhav Saini , Jeffrey Svajlenko , Chanchal K. Roy , Cristina V. Lopes

Source code search plays an important role in software development, e.g. for exploratory development or opportunistic reuse of existing code from a code base. Often, exploration of different implementations with the same functionality is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Muhammad Hammad , Önder Babur , Hamid Abdul Basit , Mark van den Brand

Large Language Models (LLMs) have strong capabilities in code comprehension, but fine-tuning costs and semantic alignment issues limit their project-specific optimization; conversely, code models such CodeBERT are easy to fine-tune, but it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Ziliang Wang , Ge Li , Jia Li , Yingfei Xiong , Jia Li , Meng Yan , Zhi Jin

There are a great many clone detection tools proposed in the literature. In this paper, we investigate the state of clone detection tool evaluation. We begin by surveying the clone detection benchmarks, and performing a multi-faceted…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Jeffrey Svajlenko , Chanchal K. Roy

The rapid evolution of programming languages and software systems has necessitated the implementation of multilingual and scalable clone detection tools. However, it is difficult to achieve the above requirements at the same time. Most…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Yuhang Ye , Yuekun Wang , Yinxing Xue , Yueming Wu , Yang Liu

Code cloning, a widespread practice in software development, involves replicating code fragments to save time but often at the expense of software maintainability and quality. In this paper, we address the specific challenge of detecting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Lida Zhao , Shihan Dou , Yutao Hu , Yueming Wu , Jiahui Wu , Chengwei Liu , Lyuye Zhang , Yi Liu , Jun Sun , Xuanjing Huang , Yang Liu

With the emergence of Machine Learning, there has been a surge in leveraging its capabilities for problem-solving across various domains. In the code clone realm, the identification of type-4 or semantic clones has emerged as a crucial yet…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Ajmain Inqiad Alam , Palash Ranjan Roy , Farouq Al-omari , Chanchal Kumar Roy , Banani Roy , Kevin Schneider