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We consider signed networks in which connections or edges can be either positive (friendship, trust, alliance) or negative (dislike, distrust, conflict). Early literature in graph theory theorized that such networks should display…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-01-30 Alec Kirkley , George T. Cantwell , M. E. J. Newman

According to the so-called strong version of structural balance theory, actors in signed social networks avoid establishing triads with an odd number of negative links. Generalising, the weak version of balance theory allows for nodes to be…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-12-23 Anna Gallo , Diego Garlaschelli , Tiziano Squartini

We present measures, models and link prediction algorithms based on the structural balance in signed social networks. Certain social networks contain, in addition to the usual 'friend' links, 'enemy' links. These networks are called signed…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2014-02-28 Jérôme Kunegis

Friendship and antipathy exist in concert with one another in real social networks. Despite the role they play in social interactions, antagonistic ties are poorly understood and infrequently measured. One important theory of negative ties…

Statistical network models are useful for understanding the underlying formation mechanism and characteristics of complex networks. However, statistical models for \textit{signed networks} have been largely unexplored. In signed networks,…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-04 Weijing Tang , Ji Zhu

The abundance of data about social relationships allows the human behavior to be analyzed as any other natural phenomenon. Here we focus on balance theory, stating that social actors tend to avoid establishing cycles with an odd number of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-05-15 Anna Gallo , Diego Garlaschelli , Renaud Lambiotte , Fabio Saracco , Tiziano Squartini

Is the enemy of an enemy necessarily a friend? If not, to what extent does this tend to hold? Such questions were formulated in terms of signed (social) networks and necessary and sufficient conditions for a network to be "balanced" were…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-08-21 Samin Aref , Mark C. Wilson

There is a long-standing belief that in social networks with simultaneous friendly/hostile interactions (signed networks) there is a general tendency to a global balance. Balance represents a state of the network with lack of contentious…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-06-10 Ernesto Estrada , Michele Benzi

Community detection, discovering the underlying communities within a network from observed connections, is a fundamental problem in network analysis, yet it remains underexplored for signed networks. In signed networks, both edge connection…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-17 Yichao Chen , Weijing Tang , Ji Zhu

Signed networks provide a principled framework for representing systems in which interactions are not merely present or absent but qualitatively distinct: friendly or antagonistic, supportive or conflicting, excitatory or inhibitory. This…

Structural balance theory predicts that triads in networks gravitate towards stable configurations. The theory has been verified for undirected graphs. Since real-world networks are often directed, we introduce a novel method for…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Rezvaneh Rezapour , Ly Dinh , Lan Jiang , Jana Diesner

Substantive research in the Social Sciences regularly investigates signed networks, where edges between actors are either positive or negative. For instance, schoolchildren can be friends or rivals, just as countries can cooperate or fight…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Cornelius Fritz , Marius Mehrl , Paul W. Thurner , Göran kauermann

Two competing types of interactions often play an important part in shaping system behavior, such as activatory or inhibitory functions in biological systems. Hence, signed networks, where each connection can be either positive or negative,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Yu Tian , Renaud Lambiotte

The study of social networks is a burgeoning research area. However, most existing work deals with networks that simply encode whether relationships exist or not. In contrast, relationships in signed networks can be positive ("like",…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-03-06 Kai-Yang Chiang , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Nagarajan Natarajan , Ambuj Tewari , Inderjit S. Dhillon

Relations between users on social media sites often reflect a mixture of positive (friendly) and negative (antagonistic) interactions. In contrast to the bulk of research on social networks that has focused almost exclusively on positive…

Physics and Society · Physics 2010-03-15 Jure Leskovec , Daniel Huttenlocher , Jon Kleinberg

We analyse signed networks from the perspective of balance theory which predicts structural balance as a global structure for signed social networks that represent groups of friends and enemies. The scarcity of balanced networks encouraged…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Samin Aref

Network inference is the process of deciding what is the true unknown graph underlying a set of interactions between nodes. There is a vast literature on the subject, but most known methods have an important drawback: the inferred graph is…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Effrosyni Papanastasiou , Anastasios Giovanidis

Social network extensions of Heider's balance theory have not always been consistent. Structural balance theory primarily focuses on graph partitioning, thereby assuming, homogeneity in balance-driven behavior of nodes. We present a general…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-10-15 David Dekker , David Krackhardt , Patrick Doreian , Pavel N. Krivitsky

In signed networks, some existing community detection methods treat negative connections as intercommunity links and positive ones as intracommunity links. However, it is important to recognize that negative links on real-world networks…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-08-17 Peng Zhang , Xianyu Xu , Leyang Xue

Structural balance theory assumes triads in networks to gravitate towards stable configurations. The theory has been verified for undirected graphs. Since real-world networks are often directed, we introduce a novel method for considering…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Ly Dinh , Rezvaneh Rezapour , Lan Jiang , Jana Diesner
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