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At the core of the quantum Internet lie quantum repeaters that enable remote end-to-end entanglement generation. Fundamentally, the entanglement generation rate and fidelity of quantum repeaters constitute the bottleneck for end-to-end…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Karim S. Elsayed , Amr Rizk

With the rapid advancement of quantum information technology, quantum networks have become essential for supporting diverse applications, which often have stringent demands for key metrics such as fidelity and request completion time. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Yuan Li , Chen Zhang , Hao Zhang , Tao Huang , Yunjie Liu

Quantum repeater networks distribute entanglement over lossy links while many users share a limited pool of entangled pairs. Most existing routing schemes either always use a single best path or rely on global optimizations that are hard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ankit Mishra , Kang Hao Cheong

We introduce measurement-based quantum repeaters, where small-scale measurement-based quantum processors are used to perform entanglement purification and entanglement swapping in a long-range quantum communication protocol. In the scheme,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-03 M. Zwerger , W. Dür , H. J. Briegel

We study the feasibility of meaningful proof-of-principle demonstrations of several quantum repeater protocols with photon (single-photon and photon-pair) sources and atomic-ensemble based quantum memories. We take into account non-unit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-08 Yufeng Wu , Jianlong Liu , Christoph Simon

The quantum internet holds promise for performing quantum communication, such as quantum teleportation and quantum key distribution, freely between any parties all over the globe. For such a quantum internet protocol, a general fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-27 Koji Azuma , Go Kato

We propose some protocols to implement various classes of bipartite unitary operations on two remote parties with the help of repeater nodes in-between. We also present a protocol to implement a single-qubit unitary with parameters…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Li Yu , Kae Nemoto

Scalable quantum networks require quantum repeaters to overcome major challenges such as photon loss and decoherence in long-distance quantum communication. In this paper, we present a cavity-magnon quantum repeater architecture that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Mughees Ahmed Khan , Syed Shahmir , Muhammad Talha Rahim , Saif Al-Kuwari , Tasawar Abbas

We provide a general formalism to characterize the cryptographic properties of quantum channels in the realistic scenario where the two honest parties employ prepare and measure protocols and the known two-way communication reconciliation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-09-23 Joonwoo Bae , Antonio Acin

We propose an information reconciliation protocol that uses two-way classical communication. In the case of the BB84 protocol and the six-state protocol, the key rates of the quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that use our proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-09 Shun Watanabe , Ryutaroh Matsumoto , Tomohiko Uyematsu , Yasuhito Kawano

Quantum networks are expected to enhance distributed quantum computing and quantum communication over long distances while providing security dependent upon physical effects rather than mathematical assumptions. Through simulation, we show…

Quantum networks provide access to exchange of quantum information. The primary task of quantum networks is to distribute entanglement between remote nodes. Although quantum repeater protocol enables long distance entanglement distribution,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-03-19 Zong-Wen Wei , Bing-Hong Wang , Xiao-Pu Han

Recent comparisons of quantum repeater protocols have highlighted the strong near-term potential of multiplexed two-way architectures for long-distance quantum communication. At the same time, advances in hollow-core fiber (HCF) technology…

Extended quantum networks are based on quantum repeaters that often rely on the distribution of entanglement in an efficient and heralded fashion over multiple network nodes. Many repeater architectures require multiplexed sources of…

Quantum communication holds promise for unconditionally secure transmission of secret messages and faithful transfer of unknown quantum states. Photons appear to be the medium of choice for quantum communication. Owing to photon losses,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-12 Koji Azuma , Kiyoshi Tamaki , Hoi-Kwong Lo

Quantum repeaters are proposed to overcome exponential photon loss over distance in fibers. One-way quantum repeaters eliminate the need for two-way classical communications, which can potentially outperform quantum memory based quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-11 Yisheng Lei

We analyze the security of the two-way continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocol in reverse reconciliation against general two-mode attacks, which represent all accessible attacks at fixed channel parameters. Rather than against…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-03-09 Yi-Chen Zhang , Zhengyu Li , Yijia Zhao , Song Yu , Hong Guo

Quantum network applications like distributed quantum computing and quantum secret sharing present a promising future network equipped with quantum resources. Entanglement generation and distribution over long distances is critical and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-01 Chen-Long Li , Yao Fu , Wen-Bo Liu , Yuan-Mei Xie , Bing-Hong Li , Min-Gang Zhou , Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

In present-day quantum communications, one of the main problems is the lack of a quantum repeater design that can simultaneously secure high rates and long distances. Recent literature has established the end-to-end capacities that are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-16 Masoud Ghalaii , Stefano Pirandola

A key ingredient of quantum repeaters is entanglement distillation, i.e., the generation of high-fidelity entangled qubits from a larger set of pairs with lower fidelity. Here, we present entanglement distillation protocols based on qubit…