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Speculative decoding is an inference-acceleration method for large language models (LLMs) where a small language model generates a draft-token sequence which is further verified by the target LLM in parallel. Recent works have advanced this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Wonseok Jeon , Mukul Gagrani , Raghavv Goel , Junyoung Park , Mingu Lee , Christopher Lott

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant strides at code generation through improved model design, training, and chain-of-thought. However, prompt-level optimizations remain an important yet under-explored aspect of LLMs for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Derek Xu , Tong Xie , Botao Xia , Haoyu Li , Yunsheng Bai , Yizhou Sun , Wei Wang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming software development, the functional quality of generated code has become a central focus, leaving readability, one of critical non-functional attributes, understudied. Given that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Hengzhi Ye , Fengyuan Ran , Weiwei Xu , Minghui Zhou

Due to their architecture and vast pre-training data, large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong text classification performance. However, LLM output - here, the category assigned to a text - depends heavily on the wording of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Kylie L. Anglin , Stephanie Milan , Brittney Hernandez , Claudia Ventura

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable potential in code generation, making them increasingly important in the field. However, the security issues of generated code have not been fully addressed, and the usability of LLMs in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Shigang Liu , Bushra Sabir , Seung Ick Jang , Yuval Kansal , Yansong Gao , Kristen Moore , Alsharif Abuadbba , Surya Nepal

Code generation is to automatically generate source code conforming to a given programming specification, which has received extensive attention especially with the development of large language models (LLMs). Due to the inherent difficulty…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Zhao Tian , Junjie Chen , Xiangyu Zhang

The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in code-related tasks. However, most research focuses on improving the output quality of LLMs (e.g., correctness), and less attention has been paid to the LLM input (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhipeng Xue , Xiaoting Zhang , Zhipeng Gao , Xing Hu , Shan Gao , Xin Xia , Shanping Li

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized code generation tasks across various programming languages. However, the unique characteristics of programming languages, particularly those like Verilog with specific…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Changran Xu , Yi Liu , Yunhao Zhou , Shan Huang , Ningyi Xu , Qiang Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential to enhance software development through automated code generation and refactoring, reducing development time and improving code quality. This study empirically evaluates StarCoder2, an LLM…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jonathan Cordeiro , Shayan Noei , Ying Zou

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional performance across a wide range of tasks; however, their token-by-token autoregressive generation process significantly hinders inference speed. Speculative decoding presents a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Kai Lv , Honglin Guo , Qipeng Guo , Xipeng Qiu

Improving the code generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) typically relies on supervised fine-tuning or preference optimization, both of which require costly external resources such as powerful teacher models or reliable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Huan Zhang , Wei Cheng , Wei Hu

With the wide adoption of language models for IR -- and specifically RAG systems -- the latency of the underlying LLM becomes a crucial bottleneck, since the long contexts of retrieved passages lead large prompts and therefore, compute…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Cornelius Kummer , Lena Jurkschat , Michael Färber , Sahar Vahdati

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in automatic code generation by improving coding efficiency to a certain extent. However, generating high-quality and reliable code remains a formidable task because of LLMs' lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Xiaoxue Ren , Xinyuan Ye , Dehai Zhao , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaohu Yang

Self-consistency decoding enhances LLMs' performance on reasoning tasks by sampling diverse reasoning paths and selecting the most frequent answer. However, it is computationally expensive, as sampling many of these (lengthy) paths is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Amir Taubenfeld , Tom Sheffer , Eran Ofek , Amir Feder , Ariel Goldstein , Zorik Gekhman , Gal Yona

Given a language model (LM), maximum probability is a poor decoding objective for open-ended generation, because it produces short and repetitive text. On the other hand, sampling can often produce incoherent text that drifts from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Xiang Lisa Li , Ari Holtzman , Daniel Fried , Percy Liang , Jason Eisner , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Luke Zettlemoyer , Mike Lewis

Large language models (LLMs) offer substantial promise for text classification in political science, yet their effectiveness often depends on high-quality prompts and exemplars. To address this, we introduce a three-stage framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Menglin Liu , Ge Shi

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) are now central to healthcare applications such as medical visual question answering and imaging report generation. Yet, these models remain vulnerable to hallucination outputs that appear plausible but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Zahra Mahdavi , Zahra Khodakaramimaghsoud , Hooman Khaloo , Sina Bakhshandeh Taleshani , Erfan Hashemi , Javad Mirzapour Kaleybar , Omid Nejati Manzari

Intermediate reasoning or acting steps have successfully improved large language models (LLMs) for handling various downstream natural language processing (NLP) tasks. When applying LLMs for code generation, recent works mainly focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Tao Sun , Linzheng Chai , Jian Yang , Yuwei Yin , Hongcheng Guo , Jiaheng Liu , Bing Wang , Liqun Yang , Zhoujun Li

Uncertainty estimation is important for deploying LLMs in high-stakes applications such as healthcare and finance, where hallucinations can appear fluent and plausible while being factually incorrect, making it difficult for users to judge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Mingcheng Zhu , Yu Liu , Tingting Zhu

The performance of pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) is often sensitive to nuances in prompt templates, requiring careful prompt engineering, adding costs in terms of computing and human effort. In this study, we present experiments…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Liang Cheng , Tianyi LI , Zhaowei Wang , Mark Steedman