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Shadow estimation provides an efficient framework for estimating observable expectation values using randomized measurements. While originally developed for discrete-variable systems, its recent extensions to continuous-variable (CV)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Ruyu Yang , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

Quantum circuits form a foundational framework in quantum science, enabling the description, analysis, and implementation of quantum computations. However, designing efficient circuits, typically constructed from single- and two-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Yadong Wu , Pengfei Zhang , Ce Wang , Juan Yao , Yi-Zhuang You

We develop a classical shadow tomography protocol utilizing the randomized measurement scheme based on hybrid quantum circuits, which consist of layers of two-qubit random unitary gates mixed with single-qubit random projective…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Ahmed A. Akhtar , Hong-Ye Hu , Yi-Zhuang You

Generalized quantum measurements play a crucial role in quantum mechanics, and symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measurements (SIC POVMs) provide a powerful and flexible framework for extracting information from…

Informationally complete (IC) positive operator-valued measures (POVMs) are generalized quantum measurements that offer advantages over the standard computational basis readout of qubits. For instance, IC-POVMs enable efficient extraction…

It is a well-known fact that the optimal POVM for quantum state tomography is the symmetric, informationally complete, positive operator valued measure (SIC-POVM). We investigate the same problem only in the case when there are some a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-23 Dénes Petz , László Ruppert

Advances in quantum technology require scalable techniques to efficiently extract information from a quantum system, such as expectation values of observables or its entropy. Traditional tomography is limited to a handful of qubits and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-29 H. Chau Nguyen , Jan Lennart Bönsel , Jonathan Steinberg , Otfried Gühne

Shadow estimation is a sample-efficient protocol for learning the properties of a quantum system using randomized measurements, but the current understanding of qudit shadow estimation is quite limited compared with the qubit setting. Here…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-30 Chengsi Mao , Changhao Yi , Huangjun Zhu

We provide practical and powerful schemes for learning many properties of an unknown n-qubit quantum state using a sparing number of copies of the state. Specifically, we present a depth-modulated randomized measurement scheme that…

Mid-circuit measurements and measurement-controlled gates are supported by an increasing number of quantum hardware platforms and will become more relevant as an essential building block for quantum error correction. However, mid-circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Yanbin Chen , Innocenzo Fulginiti , Christian B. Mendl

Efficiently estimating properties of large and strongly coupled quantum systems is a central focus in many-body physics and quantum information theory. While quantum computers promise speedups for many such tasks, near-term devices are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-28 Senrui Chen , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Steven T. Flammia

We present COGNAC, a novel strategy for compiling quantum circuits based on numerical optimization algorithms from scientific computing. Observing that shorter-duration "partially entangling" gates tend to be less noisy than the typical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-11 Finn Voichick , Leonidas Lampropoulos , Robert Rand

Accurately estimating expectation values of quantum observables with as few measurements as possible is crucial to many quantum computing applications. We introduce a framework that covers many of existing measurement strategies and…

In quantum information theory, the accurate estimation of observables is pivotal for quantum information processing, playing a crucial role in compute and communication protocols. This work introduces a novel technique for estimating such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-17 Andrea Caprotti , Joshua Morris , Borivoje Dakić

We propose a resource-efficient shadow-tomography scheme using equatorial-stabilizer measurements generated from subsets of Clifford unitaries. For $n$-qubit systems, equatorial-stabilizer-based shadow-tomography schemes can estimate $M$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-01 Guedong Park , Yong Siah Teo , Hyunseok Jeong

Compiling quantum circuits to account for hardware restrictions is an essential part of the quantum computing stack. Circuit compilation allows us to adapt algorithm descriptions into a sequence of operations supported by real quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Alejandro Villoria , Henning Basold , Alfons Laarman

We present adaptive measurement techniques tailored for variational quantum algorithms on near-term small and noisy devices. In particular, we generalise earlier "learning to measure" strategies in two ways. First, by considering a class of…

Quantum process tomography is a powerful tool for understanding quantum channels and characterizing properties of quantum devices. Inspired by recent advances using classical shadows in quantum state tomography [H.-Y. Huang, R. Kueng, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-12 Ryan Levy , Di Luo , Bryan K. Clark

We study the problem of CNOT-optimal quantum circuit synthesis over gate sets consisting of CNOT and Z-basis rotations of arbitrary angles. We show that the circuit-polynomial correspondence relates such circuits to Fourier expansions of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-29 Matthew Amy , Parsiad Azimzadeh , Michele Mosca

While quantum computing holds great potential in combinatorial optimization, electronic structure calculation, and number theory, the current era of quantum computing is limited by noisy hardware. Many quantum compilation approaches can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Max Aksel Bowman , Pranav Gokhale , Jeffrey Larson , Ji Liu , Martin Suchara