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I introduce a unified framework for finding a closed-form interpretation of any single neuron in an artificial neural network. Using this framework I demonstrate how to interpret neural network classifiers to reveal closed-form expressions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Sebastian Johann Wetzel

Neural networks have greatly boosted performance in computer vision by learning powerful representations of input data. The drawback of end-to-end training for maximal overall performance are black-box models whose hidden representations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Patrick Esser , Robin Rombach , Björn Ommer

While different neural models often exhibit latent spaces that are alike when exposed to semantically related data, this intrinsic similarity is not always immediately discernible. Towards a better understanding of this phenomenon, our work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Valentino Maiorca , Luca Moschella , Antonio Norelli , Marco Fumero , Francesco Locatello , Emanuele Rodolà

The field of neuro-symbolic AI aims to benefit from the combination of neural networks and symbolic systems. A cornerstone of the field is the translation or encoding of symbolic knowledge into neural networks. Although many neuro-symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Simon Odense , Artur d'Avila Garcez

Effective human-robot interaction, such as in robot learning from human demonstration, requires the learning agent to be able to ground abstract concepts (such as those contained within instructions) in a corresponding high-dimensional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-03 Yordan Hristov , Alex Lascarides , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

We present a framework for the unsupervised learning of neurosymbolic encoders, which are encoders obtained by composing neural networks with symbolic programs from a domain-specific language. Our framework naturally incorporates symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Eric Zhan , Jennifer J. Sun , Ann Kennedy , Yisong Yue , Swarat Chaudhuri

Language models' (LMs) proficiency in handling deterministic symbolic reasoning and rule-based tasks remains limited due to their dependency implicit learning on textual data. To endow LMs with genuine rule comprehension abilities, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Neural networks transform high-dimensional data into compact, structured representations, often modeled as elements of a lower dimensional latent space. In this paper, we present an alternative interpretation of neural models as dynamical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Marco Fumero , Luca Moschella , Emanuele Rodolà , Francesco Locatello

Interpretability is an important property for visual models as it helps researchers and users understand the internal mechanism of a complex model. However, generating semantic explanations about the learned representation is challenging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Yu Yang , Seungbae Kim , Jungseock Joo

Providing textual concept-based explanations for neurons in deep neural networks (DNNs) is of importance in understanding how a DNN model works. Prior works have associated concepts with neurons based on examples of concepts or a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Nhat Hoang-Xuan , Minh Vu , My T. Thai

The unification of low-level perception and high-level reasoning is a long-standing problem in artificial intelligence, which has the potential to not only bring the areas of logic and learning closer together but also demonstrate how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Anton Fuxjaeger , Vaishak Belle

Network interpretation as an effort to reveal the features learned by a network remains largely visualization-based. In this paper, our goal is to tackle semantic network interpretation at both filter and decision level. For filter-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Pei Guo , Ryan Farrell

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a powerful new language of science as evidenced by recent Nobel Prizes in chemistry and physics that recognized contributions to AI applied to those areas. Yet, this new language lacks semantics, which makes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Artur d'Avila Garcez , Simon Odense

Understanding neural networks is challenging due to their high-dimensional, interacting components. Inspired by human cognition, which processes complex sensory data by chunking it into recurring entities, we propose leveraging this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Shuchen Wu , Stephan Alaniz , Eric Schulz , Zeynep Akata

In this work, we study the representation space of contextualized embeddings and gain insight into the hidden topology of large language models. We show there exists a network of latent states that summarize linguistic properties of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Yao Fu , Mirella Lapata

While the activations of neurons in deep neural networks usually do not have a simple human-understandable interpretation, sparse autoencoders (SAEs) can be used to transform these activations into a higher-dimensional latent space which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Gonçalo Paulo , Alex Mallen , Caden Juang , Nora Belrose

Traditional neural embeddings represent concepts as points, excelling at similarity but struggling with higher-level reasoning and asymmetric relationships. We introduce a novel paradigm: embedding concepts as linear subspaces. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Gabriel Moreira , Zita Marinho , Manuel Marques , João Paulo Costeira , Chenyan Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) encode factual knowledge within hidden parametric spaces that are difficult to inspect or control. While Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) can decompose hidden activations into more fine-grained, interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Minglai Yang , Xinyu Guo , Zhengliang Shi , Jinhe Bi , Steven Bethard , Mihai Surdeanu , Liangming Pan

Recent artificial neural networks that process natural language achieve unprecedented performance in tasks requiring sentence-level understanding. As such, they could be interesting models of the integration of linguistic information in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Sophie Arana , Jacques Pesnot Lerousseau , Peter Hagoort

The opacity of deep neural networks remains a challenge in deploying solutions where explanation is as important as precision. We present ConceptX, a human-in-the-loop framework for interpreting and annotating latent representational space…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Firoj Alam , Fahim Dalvi , Nadir Durrani , Hassan Sajjad , Abdul Rafae Khan , Jia Xu
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