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A deep convolutional neural network (CNN) has been widely used in image classification and gives better classification accuracy than the other techniques. The softmax cross-entropy loss function is often used for classification tasks. There…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Motoshi Abe , Junichi Miyao , Takio Kurita

We analyze a simple one-hidden-layer neural network with ReLU activation functions and fixed biases, with one-dimensional input and output. We study both continuous and discrete versions of the model, and we rigorously prove the convergence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Fabricio Macià , Shu Nakamura

We introduce stochastic activations. This novel strategy randomly selects between several non-linear functions in the feed-forward layer of a large language model. In particular, we choose between SILU or RELU depending on a Bernoulli draw.…

Lipschitz-constrained neural networks have several advantages over unconstrained ones and can be applied to a variety of problems, making them a topic of attention in the deep learning community. Unfortunately, it has been shown both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Stanislas Ducotterd , Alexis Goujon , Pakshal Bohra , Dimitris Perdios , Sebastian Neumayer , Michael Unser

Most deep neural networks use simple, fixed activation functions, such as sigmoids or rectified linear units, regardless of domain or network structure. We introduce differential equation units (DEUs), an improvement to modern neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 MohamadAli Torkamani , Shiv Shankar , Amirmohammad Rooshenas , Phillip Wallis

Activation functions play a significant role in the performance of deep learning algorithms. In particular, the Swish activation function tends to outperform ReLU on deeper models, including deep reinforcement learning models, across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Maryam Abdool , Tony Dear

The performance of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is influenced by weight initialization, the nature of activation functions, and their architecture. There is a wide range of activation functions that are traditionally used to train a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-30 Saeid Safaei , Vahid Safaei , Solmazi Safaei , Zerotti Woods , Hamid R. Arabnia , Juan B. Gutierrez

Activation functions introduce non-linearity into Neural Networks, enabling them to learn complex patterns. Different activation functions vary in speed and accuracy, ranging from faster but less accurate options like ReLU to slower but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Sudhakar Sah , Ravish Kumar , Darshan C. Ganji , Ehsan Saboori

Inspired by biological neurons, the activation functions play an essential part in the learning process of any artificial neural network commonly used in many real-world problems. Various activation functions have been proposed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Ameya D. Jagtap , George Em Karniadakis

We consider neural networks with rational activation functions. The choice of the nonlinear activation function in deep learning architectures is crucial and heavily impacts the performance of a neural network. We establish optimal bounds…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Nicolas Boullé , Yuji Nakatsukasa , Alex Townsend

Object recognition is an important task for improving the ability of visual systems to perform complex scene understanding. Recently, the Exponential Linear Unit (ELU) has been proposed as a key component for managing bias shift in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-11 Ludovic Trottier , Philippe Giguère , Brahim Chaib-draa

In this work, we propose activation functions for neuronal networks that are refinable and sum the identity. This new class of activation functions allows the insertion of new layers between existing ones and/or the increase of neurons in a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-05-07 Sergio López-Ureña

In our previous work [Ma and Chan (2023)], we presented a feedforward unitary equivariant neural network. We proposed three distinct activation functions tailored for this network: a softsign function with a small residue, an identity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Pui-Wai Ma

We propose the Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), a high-performing neural network activation function. The GELU activation function is $x\Phi(x)$, where $\Phi(x)$ the standard Gaussian cumulative distribution function. The GELU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Dan Hendrycks , Kevin Gimpel

Self Normalizing Neural Networks(SNN) proposed on Feed Forward Neural Networks(FNN) outperform regular FNN architectures in various machine learning tasks. Particularly in the domain of Computer Vision, the activation function Scaled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-07 Avinash Madasu , Vijjini Anvesh Rao

The loss function used to train a neural network is strongly connected to its output layer from a statistical point of view. This technical report analyzes common activation functions for a neural network output layer, like linear, sigmoid,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Fernando Berzal

The sigmoid activation is the standard output activation function in binary classification and segmentation with neural networks. Still, there exist a variety of other potential output activation functions, which may lead to improved…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-07 Lars Nieradzik , Gerik Scheuermann , Dorothee Saur , Christina Gillmann

The activation function is at the heart of a deep neural networks nonlinearity; the choice of the function has great impact on the success of training. Currently, many practitioners prefer the Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) due to its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Jordan Inturrisi , Sui Yang Khoo , Abbas Kouzani , Riccardo Pagliarella

Large Language Models (LLMs) with billions of parameters have drastically transformed AI applications. However, their demanding computation during inference has raised significant challenges for deployment on resource-constrained devices.…

An artificial neuron is modelled as a weighted summation followed by an activation function which determines its output. A wide variety of activation functions such as rectified linear units (ReLU), leaky-ReLU, Swish, MISH, etc. have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Fayyaz ul Amir Afsar Minhas , Amina Asif