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Scaling laws describe how language models improve with additional data, parameters, and compute. While widely used, they are typically measured on aggregate test sets. Aggregate evaluations yield clean trends but average over heterogeneous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 William Held , David Hall , Percy Liang , Diyi Yang

For a given distribution, learning algorithm, and performance metric, the rate of convergence (or data-scaling law) is the asymptotic behavior of the algorithm's test performance as a function of number of train samples. Many learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-10 Preetum Nakkiran

In recent years, language models have drastically grown in size, and the abilities of these models have been shown to improve with scale. The majority of recent scaling laws studies focused on high-compute high-parameter count settings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Vijeta Deshpande , Dan Pechi , Shree Thatte , Vladislav Lialin , Anna Rumshisky

Training compute is increasingly outpacing the availability of high-quality data. This shifts the central challenge from optimal compute allocation to extracting maximum value from limited data. The widely adopted Chinchilla scaling law…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Justin Lovelace , Christian Belardi , Srivatsa Kundurthy , Shriya Sudhakar , Kilian Q. Weinberger

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized various domains but encounter substantial challenges in tackling optimization modeling tasks for Operations Research (OR), particularly when dealing with complex problem. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Yang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yurong Wu , Yuran Wang , Junkai Zhang , Jian Cheng

Large language models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks, primarily attributed to the utilization of diversely sourced data. However, the impact of pretraining data composition on model performance remains poorly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Ce Ge , Zhijian Ma , Daoyuan Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a promising frontier for recommender systems, yet their development has been impeded by the absence of predictable scaling laws, which are crucial for guiding research and optimizing resource…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Benyu Zhang , Qiang Zhang , Jianpeng Cheng , Hong-You Chen , Qifei Wang , Wei Sun , Shen Li , Jia Li , Jiahao Wu , Xiangjun Fan , Hong Yan

Large-batch training has been essential in leveraging large-scale datasets and models in deep learning. While it is computationally beneficial to use large batch sizes, it often requires a specially designed learning rate (LR) schedule to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Chiheon Kim , Saehoon Kim , Jongmin Kim , Donghoon Lee , Sungwoong Kim

The performance of a language model has been shown to be effectively modeled as a power-law in its parameter count. Here we study the scaling behaviors of Routing Networks: architectures that conditionally use only a subset of their…

Large language model pre-training has become increasingly expensive, with most practitioners relying on scaling laws to allocate compute budgets for model size and training tokens, commonly referred to as Compute-Optimal or Chinchilla…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Zhen Guo

Learning interpretable models has become a major focus of machine learning research, given the increasing prominence of machine learning in socially important decision-making. Among interpretable models, rule lists are among the best-known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Leonardo Pellegrina , Fabio Vandin

Generalization abilities of well-trained large language models (LLMs) are known to scale predictably as a function of model size. In contrast to the existence of practical scaling laws governing pre-training, the quality of LLMs after…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zifei Xu , Alexander Lan , Wanzin Yazar , Tristan Webb , Sayeh Sharify , Xin Wang

Evaluating the adversarial robustness of machine learning models using gradient-based attacks is challenging. In this work, we show that hyperparameter optimization can improve fast minimum-norm attacks by automating the selection of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Giuseppe Floris , Raffaele Mura , Luca Scionis , Giorgio Piras , Maura Pintor , Ambra Demontis , Battista Biggio

We explore optimally training protein language models, an area of significant interest in biological research where guidance on best practices is limited. Most models are trained with extensive compute resources until performance gains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xingyi Cheng , Bo Chen , Pan Li , Jing Gong , Jie Tang , Le Song

Finding the optimal learning rate for language model pretraining is a challenging task. This is not only because there is a complicated correlation between learning rate, batch size, number of training tokens, model size, and other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Yikang Shen , Matthew Stallone , Mayank Mishra , Gaoyuan Zhang , Shawn Tan , Aditya Prasad , Adriana Meza Soria , David D. Cox , Rameswar Panda

While scaling laws provide a reliable methodology for predicting train loss across compute scales for a single data distribution, less is known about how these predictions should change as we change the distribution. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 David Brandfonbrener , Nikhil Anand , Nikhil Vyas , Eran Malach , Sham Kakade

The performance of fine-tuning pre-trained language models largely depends on the hyperparameter configuration. In this paper, we investigate the performance of modern hyperparameter optimization methods (HPO) on fine-tuning pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Xueqing Liu , Chi Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for their reasoning capabilities, yet their ability to perform structured, constraint-based optimization from natural language remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Aasish Kumar Sharma , Julian Kunkel

Large language models (LLMs) are trained for downstream tasks by updating their parameters (e.g., via RL). However, updating parameters forces them to absorb task-specific information, which can result in catastrophic forgetting and loss of…

We study the compute-optimal trade-off between model and training data set sizes for large neural networks. Our result suggests a linear relation similar to that supported by the empirical analysis of chinchilla. While that work studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Hong Jun Jeon , Benjamin Van Roy