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The Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT and BERT, were proposed for natural language processing (NLP) and have shown promising results as general-purpose language models. An increasing number of industry professionals and researchers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Zhilong Wang , Lan Zhang , Chen Cao , Nanqing Luo , Xinzhi Luo , Peng Liu

The development of neural networks and pretraining techniques has spawned many sentence-level tagging systems that achieved superior performance on typical benchmarks. However, a relatively less discussed topic is what if more context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Jinlan Fu , Liangjing Feng , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Pengfei Liu

Large language models based on self-attention mechanisms have achieved astonishing performances not only in natural language itself, but also in a variety of tasks of different nature. However, regarding processing language, our human brain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Chan Li , Junbin Qiu , Haiping Huang

Much of software-engineering research relies on the naturalness of code, the fact that code, in small code snippets, is repetitive and can be predicted using statistical language models like n-gram. Although powerful, training such models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Ahmed Khanfir , Matthieu Jimenez , Mike Papadakis , Yves Le Traon

Language model (LM) pre-training is useful in many language processing tasks. But can pre-trained LMs be further leveraged for more general machine learning problems? We propose an approach for using LMs to scaffold learning and…

Developers often perform repetitive code editing activities for various reasons (e.g., code refactoring) during software development. Pre-trained code editing models have achieved the state-of-the-art (SOTA) results. Pre-trained models are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Jia Li , Ge Li , Zhuo Li , Zhi Jin , Xing Hu , Kechi Zhang , Zhiyi Fu

Instruction Fine-Tuning (IFT) significantly enhances the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained Large Language Models (LLMs). While coding data is known to boost LLM reasoning abilities during pretraining, its role in activating internal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Xinlu Zhang , Zhiyu Zoey Chen , Xi Ye , Xianjun Yang , Lichang Chen , William Yang Wang , Linda Ruth Petzold

Research at the intersection of machine learning, programming languages, and software engineering has recently taken important steps in proposing learnable probabilistic models of source code that exploit code's abundance of patterns. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Miltiadis Allamanis , Earl T. Barr , Premkumar Devanbu , Charles Sutton

Large language models (LLMs) with enormous pre-training tokens and parameters emerge diverse abilities, including math reasoning, code generation, and instruction following. These abilities are further enhanced by supervised fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Guanting Dong , Hongyi Yuan , Keming Lu , Chengpeng Li , Mingfeng Xue , Dayiheng Liu , Wei Wang , Zheng Yuan , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

It is generally thought that transformer-based large language models benefit from pre-training by learning generic linguistic knowledge that can be focused on a specific task during fine-tuning. However, we propose that much of the benefit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Anna C. Marbut , John W. Chandler , Travis J. Wheeler

As code generation becomes increasingly central to improving software development efficiency, modern code models are largely trained and evaluated on code with natural-language descriptions. In real projects, developers often implement…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chen Liu , Qingyuan Liang , Hanwen Zhang , Zeyu Sun , Yakun Zhang , Lu Zhang

Autoregressive language models, pretrained using large text corpora to do well on next word prediction, have been successful at solving many downstream tasks, even with zero-shot usage. However, there is little theoretical understanding of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Nikunj Saunshi , Sadhika Malladi , Sanjeev Arora

Large language models leverage both parametric knowledge acquired during pretraining and in-context knowledge provided at inference time. Crucially, when these sources conflict, models arbitrate based on their internal confidence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minsung Kim , Dong-Kyum Kim , Jea Kwon , Nakyeong Yang , Kyomin Jung , Meeyoung Cha

Recent research has achieved impressive results on understanding and improving source code by building up on machine-learning techniques developed for natural languages. A significant advancement in natural-language understanding has come…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Aditya Kanade , Petros Maniatis , Gogul Balakrishnan , Kensen Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for automated code generation, yet their apparent successes often mask a tension between pretraining objectives and alignment choices. While pretraining encourages models to exploit all available…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Oussama Ben Sghaier , Kevin Delcourt , Houari Sahraoui

The success of ChatGPT has recently attracted numerous efforts to replicate it, with instruction-tuning strategies being a key factor in achieving remarkable results. Instruction-tuning not only significantly enhances the model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Yunjie Ji , Yong Deng , Yan Gong , Yiping Peng , Qiang Niu , Lei Zhang , Baochang Ma , Xiangang Li

Achieving human-level translations requires leveraging context to ensure coherence and handle complex phenomena like pronoun disambiguation. Sparsity of contextually rich examples in the standard training data has been hypothesized as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Paweł Mąka , Yusuf Can Semerci , Jan Scholtes , Gerasimos Spanakis

Pre-trained Generative Language models (e.g. PLBART, CodeT5, SPT-Code) for source code yielded strong results on several tasks in the past few years, including code generation and translation. These models have adopted varying pre-training…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Saikat Chakraborty , Toufique Ahmed , Yangruibo Ding , Premkumar Devanbu , Baishakhi Ray

Despite rapid progress in large language models (LLMs), their performance on a vast majority of languages remains unsatisfactory. In this paper, we study building language-specific LLMs by adapting monolingual and multilingual LLMs. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Atula Tejaswi , Nilesh Gupta , Eunsol Choi

This study investigates the factors influencing the performance of multilingual large language models (MLLMs) across diverse languages. We study 6 MLLMs, including masked language models, autoregressive models, and instruction-tuned LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Sina Bagheri Nezhad , Ameeta Agrawal