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Missing outcome data is one of the principal threats to the validity of treatment effect estimates from randomized trials. The outcome distributions of participants with missing and observed data are often different, which increases the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-06 Iván Díaz , Mark J. van der Laan

Estimators of doubly robust functionals typically rely on estimating two complex nuisance functions, such as the propensity score and conditional outcome mean for the average treatment effect functional. We consider the problem of how to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Sean McGrath , Rajarshi Mukherjee

In survival contexts, substantial literature exists on estimating optimal treatment regimes, where treatments are assigned based on personal characteristics to maximize the survival probability. These methods assume that a set of covariates…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-24 Junwen Xia , Zishu Zhan , Jingxiao Zhang

Recommender systems often suffer from selection bias as users tend to rate their preferred items. The datasets collected under such conditions exhibit entries missing not at random and thus are not randomized-controlled trials representing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Wonbin Kweon , Hwanjo Yu

This paper concerns robust inference on average treatment effects following model selection. In the selection on observables framework, we show how to construct confidence intervals based on a doubly-robust estimator that are robust to…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-04-13 Max H. Farrell

The research described herewith is to re-visit the classical doubly robust estimation of average treatment effect by conducting a systematic study on the comparisons, in the sense of asymptotic efficiency, among all possible combinations of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2020-06-01 Keli Guo , Chuyun Ye , Jun Fan , Lixing Zhu

In empirical studies with time-to-event outcomes, investigators often leverage observational data to conduct causal inference on the effect of exposure when randomized controlled trial data is unavailable. Model misspecification and lack of…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-05 Shenbo Xu , Bang Zheng , Bowen Su , Stan Finkelstein , Roy Welsch , Kenney Ng , Ioanna Tzoulaki , Zach Shahn

Many empirical applications estimate causal effects of a continuous endogenous variable (treatment) using a binary instrument. Estimation is typically done through linear 2SLS. This approach requires a mean treatment change and causal…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-02-28 Yingying Dong , Ying-Ying Lee

This paper considers the estimation of treatment effects in randomized experiments with complex experimental designs, including cases with interference between units. We develop a design-based estimation theory for arbitrary experimental…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-27 Haoge Chang

We study sequential decision making in environments where rewards are only partially observed, but can be modeled as a function of observed contexts and the chosen action by the decision maker. This setting, known as contextual bandits,…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-03-11 Miroslav Dudík , Dumitru Erhan , John Langford , Lihong Li

Proximal causal learning is a promising framework for identifying the causal effect under the existence of unmeasured confounders. Within this framework, the doubly robust (DR) estimator was derived and has shown its effectiveness in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-12 Yong Wu , Yanwei Fu , Shouyan Wang , Xinwei Sun

Estimating heterogeneous treatment effects with machine learning has attracted substantial attention in both academic research and industrial practice. However, the two communities often evaluate models under markedly different conditions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 George Panagopoulos

Weighting estimators based on propensity scores are widely used for causal estimation in a variety of contexts, such as observational studies, marginal structural models and interference. They enjoy appealing theoretical properties such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-06 Linbo Wang , Yuexia Zhang , Thomas S. Richardson , Xiao-Hua Zhou

When estimating the treatment effect in an observational study, we use a semiparametric locally efficient dimension reduction approach to assess both the treatment assignment mechanism and the average responses in both treated and…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-26 Trinetri Ghosh , Yanyuan Ma , Xavier de Luna

Online user-generated content platforms allocate billions of dollars of promotional traffic through algorithms in two-sided marketplaces. To evaluate updates to these algorithms, platforms frequently rely on creator-side randomized…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-10 Ruohan Zhan , Shichao Han , Yuchen Hu , Zhenling Jiang

Instrumental variables are commonly used to estimate effects of a treatment afflicted by unmeasured confounding, and in practice instruments are often continuous (e.g., measures of distance, or treatment preference). However, available…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-05 Edward H. Kennedy , Scott A. Lorch , Dylan S. Small

Unmeasured confounding and selection bias are often of concern in observational studies and may invalidate a causal analysis if not appropriately accounted for. Under outcome-dependent sampling, a latent factor that has causal effects on…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-03 Kendrick Qijun Li , Xu Shi , Wang Miao , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

We suggest double/debiased machine learning estimators of direct and indirect quantile treatment effects under a selection-on-observables assumption. This permits disentangling the causal effect of a binary treatment at a specific outcome…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-07-04 Yu-Chin Hsu , Martin Huber , Yu-Min Yen

Estimating causal effects from observational data informs us about which factors are important in an autonomous system, and enables us to take better decisions. This is important because it has applications in selecting a treatment in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Plabon Shaha , Talha Islam Zadid , Ismat Rahman , Md. Mosaddek Khan

This paper presents a general difference-in-differences framework for identifying path-dependent treatment effects when treatment histories are partially observed. We introduce a novel robust estimator that adjusts for missing histories…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-18 Akanksha Negi , Didier Nibbering