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Current legal frameworks enforce that Android developers accurately report the data their apps collect. However, large codebases can make this reporting challenging. This paper employs an empirical approach to understand developers'…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Mugdha Khedkar , Michael Schlichtig , Mohamed Soliman , Eric Bodden

The rise of mobile apps has brought greater convenience and customization for users. However, many apps use analytics services to collect a wide range of user interaction data purportedly to improve their service, while presenting app users…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Feiyang Tang , Bjarte M. Østvold

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims to ensure that all personal data processing activities are fair and transparent for the European Union (EU) citizens, regardless of whether these are carried out within the EU or anywhere…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Danny S. Guamán , Xavier Ferrer , Jose M. del Alamo , Jose Such

Contemporary mobile applications (apps) are designed to track, use, and share users' data, often without their consent, which results in potential privacy and transparency issues. To investigate whether mobile apps have always been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Saad Sajid Hashmi , Nazar Waheed , Gioacchino Tangari , Muhammad Ikram , Stephen Smith

The purpose of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is to provide improved privacy protection. If an app controls personal data from users, it needs to be compliant with GDPR. However, GDPR lists general rules rather than exact…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-17 Ming Fan , Le Yu , Sen Chen , Hao Zhou , Xiapu Luo , Shuyue Li , Yang Liu , Jun Liu , Ting Liu

Many Android applications collect data from users. When they do, they must protect this collected data according to the current legal frameworks. Such data protection has become even more important since the European Union rolled out the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-20 Mugdha Khedkar

With the rapid growth of mobile apps, users' concerns about their privacy have become increasingly prominent. Android app logs serve as crucial computer resources, aiding developers in debugging and monitoring the status of Android apps,…

Access to privacy-sensitive information on Android is a growing concern in the mobile community. Albeit Google Play recently introduced some privacy guidelines, it is still an open problem to soundly verify whether apps actually comply with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Luca Verderame , Davide Caputo , Andrea Romdhana , Alessio Merlo

The Google Play marketplace has introduced the Data Safety section to improve transparency regarding how mobile applications (apps) collect, share, and protect user data. This mechanism requires developers to disclose privacy and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Bakheet Aljedaani

The rise of mobile apps has brought greater convenience and many options for users. However, many apps use analytics services to collect a wide range of user interaction data, with privacy policies often failing to reveal the types of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Feiyang Tang , Bjarte M. Østvold

Third-party tracking allows companies to collect users' behavioural data and track their activity across digital devices. This can put deep insights into users' private lives into the hands of strangers, and often happens without users'…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Pierre Dewitte , Max Van Kleek , Ge Wang , Daniel Omeiza , Helena Webb , Nigel Shadbolt

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is considered as the benchmark in the European Union (EU) for privacy and data protection standards. Since before its entry into force in 2018, substantial research has been conducted in the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Orlando Amaral Cejas , Nicolas Sannier , Sallam Abualhaija , Marcello Ceci , Domenico Bianculli

Privacy policies are intended to inform users about how software systems collect and handle data, yet they often remain vague or incomplete. This paper presents an empirical study of patterns in log-related statements within privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zhiyuan Chen , Love Jayesh Ahir , Ahmad Suleiman , Kundi Yao , Yiming Tang , Weiyi Shang , Daqing Hou

Android apps collecting data from users must comply with legal frameworks to ensure data protection. This requirement has become even more important since the implementation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by the European…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Mugdha Khedkar , Michael Schlichtig , Eric Bodden

Privacy regulations protect and promote the privacy of individuals by requiring mobile apps to provide a privacy policy that explains what personal information is collected and how these apps process this information. However, developers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Shidong Pan , Dawen Zhang , Mark Staples , Zhenchang Xing , Jieshan Chen , Xiwei Xu , James Hoang

Data protection law, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), usually requires a privacy policy before data can be collected from individuals. We analysed 15,145 privacy policies from 26,910 mobile apps in May 2019 (about…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Konrad Kollnig

Privacy concerns have long been expressed around smart devices, and the concerns around Android apps have been studied by many past works. Over the past 10 years, we have crawled and scraped data for almost 1.9 million apps, and also stored…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Alexander Yu , Yuvraj Agarwal , Jason I. Hong

Android applications collecting data from users must protect it according to the current legal frameworks. Such data protection has become even more important since the European Union rolled out the General Data Protection Regulation…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Mugdha Khedkar , Eric Bodden

Third-party tracking, the collection and sharing of behavioural data about individuals, is a significant and ubiquitous privacy threat in mobile apps. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in 2018 to protect…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek , Ulrik Lyngs , Jun Zhao , Claudine Tinsman , Nigel Shadbolt

As mobile app usage continues to rise, so does the generation of extensive user interaction data, which includes actions such as swiping, zooming, or the time spent on a screen. Apps often collect a large amount of this data and claim to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Feiyang Tang , Bjarte M. Østvold
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