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We summarize the theoretical framework of gravitational wave (GW) production by bulk fluid motion induced by expanding broken-phase bubbles during a first-order phase transition. Using a locally stationary unequal-time correlator (UETC) to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-07 Isak Stomberg , Alberto Roper Pol

We conducted three-dimensional lattice simulations to study the density perturbation and gravitational waves (GWs) during first-order phase transition (FOPT). We find that for phase transition strength $\alpha > 1$, the forward motion of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-04-13 Jintao Zou , Zhiqing Zhu , Zizhuo Zhao , Ligong Bian

We report on the first 3-dimensional numerical simulations of first-order phase transitions in the early universe to include the cosmic fluid as well as the scalar field order parameter. We calculate the gravitational wave (GW) spectrum…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-01-30 Mark Hindmarsh , Stephan J. Huber , Kari Rummukainen , David J. Weir

We study gravitational wave production at strong first order phase transitions, with large-scale, long-running simulations of a system with a scalar order parameter and a relativistic fluid. One transition proceeds by detonations with…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-18 José Correia , Mark Hindmarsh , Kari Rummukainen , David J. Weir

We present details of numerical simulations of the gravitational radiation produced by a first order thermal phase transition in the early universe. We confirm that the dominant source of gravitational waves is sound waves generated by the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2016-01-08 Mark Hindmarsh , Stephan J. Huber , Kari Rummukainen , David J. Weir

First order phase transitions are well-motivated and extensively studied sources of gravitational waves (GWs) from the early Universe. The vacuum energy released during such transitions is assumed to be transferred primarily either to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-06 Ryusuke Jinno , Bibhushan Shakya , Jorinde van de Vis

Gravitational waves (GWs) generated by a first-order phase transition at the electroweak scale are detectable by future space-based detectors like LISA. The lifetime of the resulting shock waves plays an important role in determining the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-11-14 Jani Dahl , Mark Hindmarsh , Kari Rummukainen , David Weir

We study primordial gravitational waves (GWs) generated from first-order phase transitions (PTs) during cosmic reheating. Using a minimal particle physics model, and a general parametrization of the inflaton energy density and the evolution…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-04 Amitayus Banik , Nicolás Bernal , Fazlollah Hajkarim

We investigate in details the gravitational wave (GW) from the first-order phase transition (PT) in the extended standard model of particle physics with a dimension-six operator, which is capable of exhibiting the recently discovered slow…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2017-08-08 Rong-Gen Cai , Misao Sasaki , Shao-Jiang Wang

This project is aimed at studying the first-order phase transitions, that is presumed to have ensued in the early universe, and its consequences on the primordial gravitational waves. The effects of bubble nucleation, growth, and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-12 Yashmitha Kumaran

First order phase transitions in the early Universe generate gravitational waves, which may be observable in future space-based gravitational wave observatiories, e.g. the European eLISA satellite constellation. The gravitational waves…

High Energy Physics - Lattice · Physics 2015-11-17 Mark Hindmarsh , Stephan Huber , Kari Rummukainen , David Weir

First order phase transitions in the early universe can give rise to a stochastic background of gravitational waves. A hypothetical first order electroweak phase transition is particularly interesting in this respect, since the signal is in…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-03-17 Chiara Caprini

We study the impact of gravitational waves originating from a first order phase transition on structure formation. To do so, we perform a second order perturbation analysis in the $1+3$ covariant framework and derive a wave equation in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-20 Christian Döring , Salvador Centelles Chuliá , Manfred Lindner , Bjoern Malte Schaefer , Matthias Bartelmann

In a vacuum first-order phase transition, gravitational waves are generated from collision of bubbles of the true vacuum. The spectrum from such collisions takes the form of a broken power law. We consider a toy model for such a phase…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-03 Daniel Cutting , Elba Granados Escartin , Mark Hindmarsh , David J. Weir

Motivated by the new heavy dark matter production mechanism from cosmic phase transition, we propose a novel mechanism for the generation of microscopic gravitational waves (GWs) during cosmological first-order phase transitions arising…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-12 Dayun Qiu , Siyu Jiang , Fa Peng Huang

We survey systematically the general parametrisations of particle-physics models for a first-order phase transition in the early universe, including models with polynomial potentials both with and without barriers at zero temperature, and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-08-06 John Ellis , Marek Lewicki , José Miguel No

We study the gravitational wave (GW) production in extremely strong first order phase transitions where the latent heat density dominates the plasma energy density, $\alpha \gtrsim 1$. In such transitions, bubbles develop extremely thin and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-16 Ryusuke Jinno , Hyeonseok Seong , Masahiro Takimoto , Choong Min Um

We study the gravitational wave (GW) signal sourced by primordial turbulence that is assumed to be present at cosmological phase transitions like the electroweak and quantum chromodynamics phase transitions. We consider various models of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-28 Axel Brandenburg , Grigol Gogoberidze , Tina Kahniashvili , Sayan Mandal , Alberto Roper Pol , Nakul Shenoy

We calculate the gravitational wave spectrum generated by sound waves during a cosmological phase transition, incorporating several advancements beyond the current state-of-the-art. Rather than relying on the bag model or similar…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-09-24 Chi Tian , Xiao Wang , Csaba Balázs

We discuss a new source of gravitational waves (GWs) from first-order phase transitions. The collisions of bubbles of the new phase can efficiently produce particles that couple to the background field undergoing the transition, thereby…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-14 Keisuke Inomata , Marc Kamionkowski , Kentaro Kasai , Bibhushan Shakya
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