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Personalized pricing assigns different prices to customers for the same product based on customer-specific features to improve retailer revenue. However, this practice often raises concerns about fairness at both the individual and group…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Zeyu Chen , Bintong Chen , Wei Qian , Jing Huang

A seller is pricing identical copies of a good to a stream of unit-demand buyers. Each buyer has a value on the good as his private information. The seller only knows the empirical value distribution of the buyer population and chooses the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Siddhartha Banerjee , Kamesh Munagala , Yiheng Shen , Kangning Wang

Personalization is pervasive in the online space as, when combined with learning, it leads to higher efficiency and revenue by allowing the most relevant content to be served to each user. However, recent studies suggest that such…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-07-10 L. Elisa Celis , Nisheeth K. Vishnoi

Fairness-aware recommender systems that have a provider-side fairness concern seek to ensure that protected group(s) of providers have a fair opportunity to promote their items or products. There is a ``cost of fairness'' borne by the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-09-12 Paresha Farastu , Nicholas Mattei , Robin Burke

We study the interplay of fairness, welfare, and equity considerations in personalized pricing based on customer features. Sellers are increasingly able to conduct price personalization based on predictive modeling of demand conditional on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Nathan Kallus , Angela Zhou

Online stores can present a different price to each customer. Such algorithmic personalised pricing can lead to advanced forms of price discrimination based on the characteristics and behaviour of individual consumers. We conducted two…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Joost Poort , Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius

Price discrimination, which refers to the strategy of setting different prices for different customer groups, has been widely used in online retailing. Although it helps boost the collected revenue for online retailers, it might create…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Xi Chen , Jiameng Lyu , Xuan Zhang , Yuan Zhou

Personalized pricing is a business strategy to charge different prices to individual consumers based on their characteristics and behaviors. It has become common practice in many industries nowadays due to the availability of a growing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Renzhe Xu , Xingxuan Zhang , Peng Cui , Bo Li , Zheyan Shen , Jiazheng Xu

Central to privacy concerns is that firms may use consumer data to price discriminate. A common policy response is that consumers should be given control over which firms access their data and how. Since firms learn about a consumer's…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2020-08-18 S. Nageeb Ali , Greg Lewis , Shoshana Vasserman

This paper explains four things in a unified way. First, how e-commerce can generate price equilibria where physical shops either compete with virtual shops for consumers with Internet access, or alternatively, sell only to consumers with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Pedro Pereira , Cristina Mazón

An online seller or platform is technically able to offer every consumer a different price for the same product, based on information it has about the customers. Such online price discrimination exacerbates concerns regarding the fairness…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Joost Poort , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

We consider a scenario where a retailer can set different prices for different consumers in a smart grid. The retailer's objective is to maximize the revenue, minimize the operating cost, and maximize the consumer's welfare. The retailer…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-11-09 Diptangshu Sen , Kushaagra Goyal , Varun Ramamohan , Arnob Ghosh

Contextual pricing strategies are prevalent in online retailing, where the seller adjusts prices based on products' attributes and buyers' characteristics. Although such strategies can enhance seller's profits, they raise concerns about…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Pangpang Liu , Will Wei Sun

Traditional user profiling techniques rely on browsing history or purchase records to identify users' willingness to pay. This enables sellers to offer personalized prices to profiled users while charging only a uniform price to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Qinqi Lin , Lingjie Duan , Jianwei Huang

Extensive research shows that consumers are generally averse to price discrimination. However, instruments of differential pricing can benefit consumer surplus and alleviate inequity through targeted price discounts. This paper examines how…

General Economics · Economics 2024-04-05 Alexander Erlei , Mattheus Brenig , Nils Engelbrecht

Price differentiation describes a marketing strategy to determine the price of goods on the basis of a potential customer's attributes like location, financial status, possessions, or behavior. Several cases of online price differentiation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-12-11 Thomas Hupperich , Dennis Tatang , Nicolai Wilkop , Thorsten Holz

Result ranking often affects consumer satisfaction as well as the amount of exposure each item receives in the ranking services. Myopically maximizing customer satisfaction by ranking items only according to relevance will lead to unfair…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Tao Yang , Zhichao Xu , Qingyao Ai

Online marketplaces use rating systems to promote the discovery of high-quality products. However, these systems also lead to high variance in producers' economic outcomes: a new producer who sells high-quality items, may unluckily receive…

Applications · Statistics 2025-04-15 Thomas Ma , Michael S. Bernstein , Ramesh Johari , Nikhil Garg

In recent years, many new and interesting models of successful online business have been developed. Many of these are based on the competition between users, such as online auctions, where the product price is not fixed and tends to rise.…

Economics · Quantitative Finance 2016-03-01 Pierluigi Gallo , Francesco Randazzo , Ignazio Gallo

After years of speculation, price discrimination in e-commerce driven by the personal information that users leave (involuntarily) online, has started attracting the attention of privacy researchers, regulators, and the press. In our…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2013-07-18 Jakub Mikians , László Gyarmati , Vijay Erramilli , Nikolaos Laoutaris
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