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Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) remains a challenging problem to date, largely due to the varying writing styles that exist amongst us. Prior works however generally operate with the assumption that there is a limited number of styles,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Ayan Kumar Bhunia , Shuvozit Ghose , Amandeep Kumar , Pinaki Nath Chowdhury , Aneeshan Sain , Yi-Zhe Song

Handwritten Text Generation (HTG) conditioned on text and style is a challenging task due to the variability of inter-user characteristics and the unlimited combinations of characters that form new words unseen during training. Diffusion…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Konstantina Nikolaidou , George Retsinas , Giorgos Sfikas , Marcus Liwicki

Natural language generation (NLG) has received increasing attention, which has highlighted evaluation as a central methodological concern. Since human evaluations for these systems are costly, automatic metrics have broad appeal in NLG.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Johnny Tian-Zheng Wei

Automatic metrics are extensively used to evaluate natural language processing systems. However, there has been increasing focus on how they are used and reported by practitioners within the field. In this paper, we have conducted a survey…

Although recent text-to-image (T2I) models have significantly improved the overall visual quality of generated images, they still struggle in the generation of accurate details in complex local regions, especially human hands. Generated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Zichuan Wang , Bo Peng , Songlin Yang , Zhenchen Tang , Jing Dong

The evaluation of Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) systems has traditionally used metrics based on the edit distance between HTR and ground truth (GT) transcripts, at both the character and word levels. This is very adequate when the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Enrique Vidal , Alejandro H. Toselli , Antonio Ríos-Vila , Jorge Calvo-Zaragoza

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated high text generation quality. However, in real-world applications, LLMs must meet increasingly complex requirements. Beyond avoiding misleading or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Xun Liang , Hanyu Wang , Yezhaohui Wang , Shichao Song , Jiawei Yang , Simin Niu , Jie Hu , Dan Liu , Shunyu Yao , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li

The rapid progress of generative models has enabled the creation of highly realistic synthetic images, raising concerns about authenticity and trust in digital media. Detecting such fake content reliably is an urgent challenge. While deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Syed Mehedi Hasan Nirob , Moqsadur Rahman , Shamim Ehsan , Summit Haque

Open-ended text generation has become a prominent task in natural language processing due to the rise of powerful (large) language models. However, evaluating the quality of these models and the employed decoding strategies remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Esteban Garces Arias , Hannah Blocher , Julian Rodemann , Meimingwei Li , Christian Heumann , Matthias Aßenmacher

The reliance of humans over machines has never been so high such that from object classification in photographs to adding sound to silent movies everything can be performed with the help of deep learning and machine learning algorithms.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-25 Samay Pashine , Ritik Dixit , Rishika Kushwah

The evaluation of Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) models during their development is straightforward: because HTR is a supervised problem, the usual data split into training, validation, and test data sets allows the evaluation of models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Phillip Benjamin Ströbel , Simon Clematide , Martin Volk , Raphael Schwitter , Tobias Hodel , David Schoch

Computational Design approaches facilitate the generation of typographic design, but evaluating these designs remains a challenging task. In this paper, we propose a set of heuristic metrics for typographic design evaluation, focusing on…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Sérgio M. Rebelo , J. J. Merelo , João Bicker , Penousal Machado

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has led to the creation of powerful text generation models, such as large language models (LLMs), which are widely used for diverse applications. However, concerns surrounding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Fnu Neha , Deepshikha Bhati , Deepak Kumar Shukla , Angela Guercio , Ben Ward

Text-image generation has advanced rapidly, but assessing whether outputs truly capture the objects, attributes, and relations described in prompts remains a central challenge. Evaluation in this space relies heavily on automated metrics,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Seyed Amir Kasaei , Ali Aghayari , Arash Marioriyad , Niki Sepasian , MohammadAmin Fazli , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah , Mohammad Hossein Rohban

Text-to-Image (TTI) systems often support people during ideation, the early stages of a creative process when exposure to a broad set of relevant images can help explore the design space. Since ideation is an important subclass of TTI…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Negar Arabzadeh , Fernando Diaz , Junfeng He

Handwritten text recognition has been developed rapidly in the recent years, following the rise of deep learning and its applications. Though deep learning methods provide notable boost in performance concerning text recognition,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-18 George Retsinas , Giorgos Sfikas , Basilis Gatos , Christophoros Nikou

Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation is a multifaceted task requiring assessment of multiple desirable criteria, e.g., fluency, coherency, coverage, relevance, adequacy, overall quality, etc. Across existing datasets for 6 NLG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Ananya B. Sai , Tanay Dixit , Dev Yashpal Sheth , Sreyas Mohan , Mitesh M. Khapra

In this tutorial, we focus on text-to-text generation, a class of natural language generation (NLG) tasks, that takes a piece of text as input and then generates a revision that is improved according to some specific criteria (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Yao Dou , Philippe Laban , Claire Gardent , Wei Xu

A major challenge in the field of Text Generation is evaluation: Human evaluations are cost-intensive, and automated metrics often display considerable disagreement with human judgments. In this paper, we propose a statistical model of Text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jan Deriu , Pius von Däniken , Don Tuggener , Mark Cieliebak

Although current image generation methods have reached impressive quality levels, they are still unable to produce plausible yet diverse images of handwritten words. On the contrary, when writing by hand, a great variability is observed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Lei Kang , Pau Riba , Yaxing Wang , Marçal Rusiñol , Alicia Fornés , Mauricio Villegas