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Recently there has been much interest in understanding why deep neural networks are preferred to shallow networks. We show that, for a large class of piecewise smooth functions, the number of neurons needed by a shallow network to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-07 Shiyu Liang , R. Srikant

This paper investigates the approximation properties of shallow neural networks with activation functions that are powers of exponential functions. It focuses on the dependence of the approximation rate on the dimension and the smoothness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jian Lu , Xiaohuang Huang

We present a fully constructive analysis of deep ReLU neural networks for classification and function approximation tasks. First, we prove that any dataset with $N$ distinct points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and $M$ output classes can be exactly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-25 Martín Hernández , Enrique Zuazua

Fully connected deep neural networks are successfully applied to classification and function approximation problems. By minimizing the cost function, i.e., finding the proper weights and biases, models can be built for accurate predictions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Qingguang Guan

We study the necessary and sufficient complexity of ReLU neural networks---in terms of depth and number of weights---which is required for approximating classifier functions in $L^2$. As a model class, we consider the set $\mathcal{E}^\beta…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2018-05-23 Philipp Petersen , Felix Voigtlaender

We consider a family of deep neural networks consisting of two groups of convolutional layers, a downsampling operator, and a fully connected layer. The network structure depends on two structural parameters which determine the numbers of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Tong Mao , Zhongjie Shi , Ding-Xuan Zhou

The possibility of approximating a continuous function on a compact subset of the real line by a feedforward single hidden layer neural network with a sigmoidal activation function has been studied in many papers. Such networks can…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-06-29 Namig J. Guliyev , Vugar E. Ismailov

Neural network width and depth are fundamental aspects of network topology. Universal approximation theorems provide that with increasing width or depth, there exists a neural network that approximates a function arbitrarily well. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-31 Ibrohim Nosirov , Jeffrey M. Hokanson

Neural networks activated by the rectified linear unit (ReLU) play a central role in the recent development of deep learning. The topic of approximating functions from H\"older spaces by these networks is crucial for understanding the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Tong Mao , Ding-Xuan Zhou

The universal approximation theorem asserts that a single hidden layer neural network approximates continuous functions with any desired precision on compact sets. As an existential result, the universal approximation theorem supports the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Wington L. Vital , Guilherme Vieira , Marcos Eduardo Valle

The celebrated universal approximation theorems for neural networks roughly state that any reasonable function can be arbitrarily well-approximated by a network whose parameters are appropriately chosen real numbers. This paper examines the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 C. Sinan Güntürk , Weilin Li

Complex-valued neural networks (CVNNs) have recently shown promising empirical success, for instance for increasing the stability of recurrent neural networks and for improving the performance in tasks with complex-valued inputs, such as in…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-31 Paul Geuchen , Felix Voigtlaender

We study approximation and statistical learning properties of deep ReLU networks under structural assumptions that mitigate the curse of dimensionality. We prove minimax-optimal uniform approximation rates for $s$-H\"older smooth functions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Thomas Nagler , Sophie Langer

We study the approximation properties of neural ordinary differential equations (neural ODEs) in the space of continuous functions. Since a neural ODE requires input and output dimensions to be the same, while input and output dimensions of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-04-08 Arturo De Marinis , Davide Murari , Elena Celledoni , Nicola Guglielmi , Brynjulf Owren , Francesco Tudisco

The exact minimum width that allows for universal approximation of unbounded-depth networks is known only for ReLU and its variants. In this work, we study the minimum width of networks using general activation functions. Specifically, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Jonghyun Shin , Namjun Kim , Geonho Hwang , Sejun Park

While neural networks are used for classification tasks across domains, a long-standing open problem in machine learning is determining whether neural networks trained using standard procedures are optimal for classification, i.e., whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Mikhail Belkin , Caroline Uhler

The expressive power of neural networks is important for understanding deep learning. Most existing works consider this problem from the view of the depth of a network. In this paper, we study how width affects the expressiveness of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-02 Zhou Lu , Hongming Pu , Feicheng Wang , Zhiqiang Hu , Liwei Wang

In this paper, we have extended the well-established universal approximator theory to neural networks that use the unbounded ReLU activation function and a nonlinear softmax output layer. We have proved that a sufficiently large neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Behnam Asadi , Hui Jiang

We study shallow and deep neural networks whose inputs range over a general topological space. The model is built from a prescribed family of continuous feature maps and reduces to multilayer feedforward networks in the Euclidean case. We…

General Topology · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Vugar Ismailov

The study of universal approximation of arbitrary functions $f: \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ by neural networks has a rich and thorough history dating back to Kolmogorov (1957). In the case of learning finite dimensional maps, many authors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-04 William H. Guss , Ruslan Salakhutdinov