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We apply causal machine learning algorithms to assess the causal effect of a marketing intervention, namely a coupon campaign, on the sales of a retailer. Besides assessing the average impacts of different types of coupons, we also…

General Economics · Economics 2022-06-24 Henrika Langen , Martin Huber

Double machine learning is a statistical method for leveraging complex black-box models to construct approximately unbiased treatment effect estimates given observational data with high-dimensional covariates, under the assumption of a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-03 Nitai Fingerhut , Matteo Sesia , Yaniv Romano

Traditionally, spline or kernel approaches in combination with parametric estimation are used to infer the linear coefficient (fixed effects) in a partially linear mixed-effects model for repeated measurements. Using machine learning…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-03 Corinne Emmenegger , Peter Bühlmann

Dynamic discrete choice (DDC) models have found widespread application in marketing. However, estimating these becomes challenging in "big data" settings with high-dimensional state-action spaces. To address this challenge, this paper…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-06 Ahmed Khwaja , Sonal Srivastava

We introduce the package ddml for Double/Debiased Machine Learning (DDML) in Stata. Estimators of causal parameters for five different econometric models are supported, allowing for flexible estimation of causal effects of endogenous…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-01-09 Achim Ahrens , Christian B. Hansen , Mark E. Schaffer , Thomas Wiemann

One way to quantify exposure to air pollution and its constituents in epidemiologic studies is to use an individual's nearest monitor. This strategy results in potential inaccuracy in the actual personal exposure, introducing bias in…

This paper investigates double/debiased machine learning (DML) under multiway clustered sampling environments. We propose a novel multiway cross fitting algorithm and a multiway DML estimator based on this algorithm. We also develop a…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-03-05 Harold D. Chiang , Kengo Kato , Yukun Ma , Yuya Sasaki

Doubly robust learning offers a robust framework for causal inference from observational data by integrating propensity score and outcome modeling. Despite its theoretical appeal, practical adoption remains limited due to perceived…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-09 Hlynur Davíð Hlynsson

To gain deeper insights into a complex sensor system through the lens of causality, we present common and individual causal mechanism estimation (CICME), a novel three-step approach to inferring causal mechanisms from heterogeneous data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Jingyi Yu , Tim Pychynski , Marco F. Huber

This paper introduces a novel Proxy-Enhanced Correlated Random Effects Double Machine Learning (P-CRE-DML) framework to estimate causal effects in panel data with non-linearities and unobserved heterogeneity. Combining Double Machine…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-07-01 Amarendra Sharma

Unlike parametric regression, machine learning (ML) methods do not generally require precise knowledge of the true data generating mechanisms. As such, numerous authors have advocated for ML methods to estimate causal effects.…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-05-15 Ashley I Naimi , Alan E Mishler , Edward H Kennedy

The field of causal Machine Learning (ML) has made significant strides in recent years. Notable breakthroughs include methods such as meta learners (arXiv:1706.03461v6) and heterogeneous doubly robust estimators (arXiv:2004.14497)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Kaihua Ding , Jingsong Cui , Mohammad Soltani , Jing Jin

In response to the increasing complexity of policy environments and the proliferation of high-dimensional data, this paper introduces the S-DIDML estimator a framework grounded in structure and semiparametrically flexible for causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-15 Yile Yu , Anzhi Xu

The double/debiased machine learning (DML) framework has become a cornerstone of modern causal inference, allowing researchers to utilise flexible machine learning models for the estimation of nuisance functions without introducing…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-06-19 Charles Shaw

Customer churn describes terminating a relationship with a business or reducing customer engagement over a specific period. Two main business marketing strategies play vital roles to increase market share dollar-value: gaining new and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-24 David Hason Rudd , Huan Huo , Guandong Xu

Observational cohort studies are increasingly being used for comparative effectiveness research to assess the safety of therapeutics. Recently, various doubly robust methods have been proposed for average treatment effect estimation by…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-11 Xiaoqing Tan , Shu Yang , Wenyu Ye , Douglas E. Faries , Ilya Lipkovich , Zbigniew Kadziola

Fintech lending has become a central mechanism through which digital platforms stimulate consumption, offering dynamic, personalized credit limits that directly shape the purchasing power of consumers. Although prior research shows that…

General Economics · Economics 2025-09-04 Cheuk Hang Leung , Yijun Li , Qi Wu

Causal decision making (CDM) based on machine learning has become a routine part of business. Businesses algorithmically target offers, incentives, and recommendations to affect consumer behavior. Recently, we have seen an acceleration of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-01 Carlos Fernández-Loría , Foster Provost

This paper proposes a novel method for demand forecasting in a pricing context. Here, modeling the causal relationship between price as an input variable to demand is crucial because retailers aim to set prices in a (profit) optimal manner…

The R package DoubleML implements the double/debiased machine learning framework of Chernozhukov et al. (2018). It provides functionalities to estimate parameters in causal models based on machine learning methods. The double machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-06 Philipp Bach , Victor Chernozhukov , Malte S. Kurz , Martin Spindler , Sven Klaassen