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In studies of discrimination, researchers often seek to estimate a causal effect of race or gender on outcomes. For example, in the criminal justice context, one might ask whether arrested individuals would have been subsequently charged or…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-06 Johann Gaebler , William Cai , Guillaume Basse , Ravi Shroff , Sharad Goel , Jennifer Hill

Recent text-based causal methods attempt to mitigate confounding bias by estimating proxies of confounding variables that are partially or imperfectly measured from unstructured text data. These approaches, however, assume analysts have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Jacob M. Chen , Rohit Bhattacharya , Katherine A. Keith

Existing high-dimensional statistical methods are largely established for analyzing individual-level data. In this work, we study estimation and inference for high-dimensional linear models where we only observe "proxy data", which include…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-12 Sai Li , T. Tony Cai , Hongzhe Li

We propose a novel algorithm for learning fair representations that can simultaneously mitigate two notions of disparity among different demographic subgroups in the classification setting. Two key components underpinning the design of our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Han Zhao , Amanda Coston , Tameem Adel , Geoffrey J. Gordon

AI systems have been known to amplify biases in real-world data. Explanations may help human-AI teams address these biases for fairer decision-making. Typically, explanations focus on salient input features. If a model is biased against…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Navita Goyal , Connor Baumler , Tin Nguyen , Hal Daumé

The adoption of automated, data-driven decision making in an ever expanding range of applications has raised concerns about its potential unfairness towards certain social groups. In this context, a number of recent studies have focused on…

Recently, interest has grown in the use of proxy variables of unobserved confounding for inferring the causal effect in the presence of unmeasured confounders from observational data. One difficulty inhibiting the practical use is finding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Feng Xie , Zhengming Chen , Shanshan Luo , Wang Miao , Ruichu Cai , Zhi Geng

While deep neural networks have achieved remarkable performance, data augmentation has emerged as a crucial strategy to mitigate overfitting and enhance network performance. These techniques hold particular significance in industrial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Hyungmin Kim , Donghun Kim , Pyunghwan Ahn , Sungho Suh , Hansang Cho , Junmo Kim

Recently there has been a significant interest in learning disentangled representations, as they promise increased interpretability, generalization to unseen scenarios and faster learning on downstream tasks. In this paper, we investigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Francesco Locatello , Gabriele Abbati , Tom Rainforth , Stefan Bauer , Bernhard Schölkopf , Olivier Bachem

We provide new results for nonparametric identification, estimation, and inference of causal effects using `proxy controls': observables that are noisy but informative proxies for unobserved confounding factors. Our analysis applies to…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-11-22 Ben Deaner

Propensity score plays a central role in causal inference, but its use is not limited to causal comparisons. As a covariate balancing tool, propensity score can be used for controlled descriptive comparisons between groups whose memberships…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-09 Fan Li , Fan Li

Real-world objects occur in specific contexts. Such context has been shown to facilitate detection by constraining the locations to search. But can context directly benefit object detection? To do so, context needs to be learned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Harish Katti , Marius V. Peelen , S. P. Arun

Modern learning algorithms excel at producing accurate but complex models of the data. However, deploying such models in the real-world requires extra care: we must ensure their reliability, robustness, and absence of undesired biases. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Maruan Al-Shedivat , Avinava Dubey , Eric P. Xing

Social contexts -- such as families, schools, and neighborhoods -- shape life outcomes. The key question is not simply whether they matter, but rather for whom and under what conditions. Here, we argue that prediction gaps -- differences in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Javier Garcia-Bernardo , Eva Jaspers , Weverthon Machado , Samuel Plach , Erik Jan van Leeuwen

Empirical researchers increasingly use upstream machine-learning (ML) methods to construct proxies for latent target variables from complex, unstructured data. A naive plug-in use of such proxies in downstream econometric models, however,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-14 Lixiong Li

The discovery of discriminatory bias in human or automated decision making is a task of increasing importance and difficulty, exacerbated by the pervasive use of machine learning and data mining. Currently, discrimination discovery largely…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Bilal Qureshi , Faisal Kamiran , Asim Karim , Salvatore Ruggieri , Dino Pedreschi

Singh et al. (2020) point out the dangers of contextual bias in visual recognition datasets. They propose two methods, CAM-based and feature-split, that better recognize an object or attribute in the absence of its typical context while…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Sunnie S. Y. Kim , Sharon Zhang , Nicole Meister , Olga Russakovsky

Label bias occurs when the outcome of interest is not directly observable and instead, modeling is performed with proxy labels. When the difference between the true outcome and the proxy label is correlated with predictors, this can yield…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-02 Jonas Mikhaeil , Andrew Gelman , Philip Greengard

We propose a method to distinguish causal influence from hidden confounding in the following scenario: given a target variable Y, potential causal drivers X, and a large number of background features, we propose a novel criterion for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-07 You-Lin Chen , Lenon Minorics , Dominik Janzing

Predictive analytics is increasingly used to guide decision-making in many applications. However, in practice, we often have limited data on the true predictive task of interest, and must instead rely on more abundant data on a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-07 Hamsa Bastani