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This comprehensive survey deliberated over the security of electronic payment systems. In our research, we focused on either dominant systems or new attempts and innovations to improve the level of security of the electronic payment…
Motivated by the great success and adoption of Bitcoin, a number of cryptocurrencies such as Litecoin, Dogecoin, and Ethereum are becoming increasingly popular. Although existing blockchain-based cryptocurrency schemes can ensure reasonable…
Artificial intelligence (AI) agents are increasingly capable of initiating financial transactions on behalf of users or other agents. This evolution introduces a fundamental challenge: verifying both the authenticity of an autonomous agent…
We present a scalable architecture for electronic retail payments via central bank digital currency and offer a solution to the perceived conflict between robust regulatory oversight and consumer affordances such as privacy and control. Our…
This paper explores how zero-knowledge proofs can enhance Bitcoin's functionality and privacy. First, we consider Proof-of-Reserve schemes: by using zk-STARKs, a custodian can prove its Bitcoin holdings are more than a predefined threshold…
Blockchain systems rely on decentralized ledgers and strong security guarantees. A key requirement is non-repudiation, which prevents denial of transaction authorship and supports integrity of recorded data. This work surveys digital…
The European Union is on course to introduce a European Digital Identity that will be available to all EU citizens and businesses. This will have a huge impact on how citizens and businesses interact online. Big Tech companies currently…
The financial sector's adoption of technology-driven data analysis has enhanced operational efficiency and revenue generation by leveraging personal sensitive data. However, the inherent characteristics of blockchain hinder decentralized…
In order to increase the value of scientific datasets and improve research outcomes, it is important that only trustworthy data is used. This paper presents mechanisms by which scientists and the organisations they represent can certify the…
The growing popularity of digital systems have paved the way for digital locker that ensures security and safety of the digital documents in store. While facilitating this system to user and availing its services offered by service…
Self Sovereign Identity (SSI) is an emerging identity system that facilitates secure credential issuance and verification without placing trust in any centralised authority. To bypass central trust, most SSI implementations place blockchain…
Distributed ledger and blockchain systems are expected to make financial systems easier to audit, reduce counter-party risk and transfer assets seamlessly. The key concept is a token controlled by a cryptographic private key for spending,…
Behavioral transparency for Internet-of-Things (IoT) networked assets involves two distinct yet interconnected tasks: (a) characterizing device types by discerning the patterns exhibited in their network traffic, and (b) assessing…
Today, digital identity management for individuals is either inconvenient and error-prone or creates undesirable lock-in effects and violates privacy and security expectations. These shortcomings inhibit the digital transformation in…
The most prevalent smart card-based payment method, EMV, currently offers no privacy to its users. Transaction details and the card number are sent in cleartext, enabling the profiling and tracking of cardholders. Since public awareness of…
In blockchain-based anonymous cryptocurrencies, due to their tamper-resistance and transparency characteristics, transaction data are initially required to be anonymous, with the help of various cryptographic techniques, e.g., commitment…
This paper proposes a protocol for Proof of Assets of a bitcoin exchange using the Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge (ZK-SNARK) without revealing either the bitcoin addresses of the exchange or balances…
The Payment Protocol standard BIP70, specifying how payments in Bitcoin are performed by merchants and customers, is supported by the largest payment processors and most widely-used wallets. The protocol has been shown to be vulnerable to…
Tax returns contain key financial information of interest to third parties: public officials are asked to share financial data for transparency, companies seek to assess the financial status of business partners, and individuals need to…
Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) is a rapidly proliferating e-commerce model, offering consumers to get the product immediately and defer payments. Meanwhile, emerging blockchain technologies endow BNPL platforms with digital currency transactions,…