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Quantum state preparation is an important subroutine in many quantum algorithms. The goal is to encode classical information directly to the quantum state so that it is possible to leverage quantum algorithms for data processing. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Oskari Kerppo , William Steadman , Ossi Niemimäki , Valtteri Lahtinen

Efficient encoding of classical information plays a fundamental role in numerous practical quantum algorithms. However, the preparation of an arbitrary amplitude-encoded state has been proven to be time-consuming, and its deployment on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-19 Chao Wang , Pengrui Zhou , Xi-Ning Zhuang , Ziwei Cui , Menghan Dou , Zhao-Yun Chen , Guo-Ping Guo

Numerous quantum algorithms operate under the assumption that classical data has already been converted into quantum states, a process termed Quantum State Preparation (QSP). However, achieving precise QSP requires a circuit depth that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Yilun Zhao , Bingmeng Wang , Wenle Jiang , Xiwei Pan , Bing Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Highly entangled quantum states are an ingredient in numerous applications in quantum computing. However, preparing these highly entangled quantum states on currently available quantum computers at high fidelity is limited by ubiquitous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Sebastian Brandhofer , Ilia Polian , Stefanie Barz , Daniel Bhatti

A fundamental step of any quantum algorithm is the preparation of qubit registers in a suitable initial state. Often qubit registers represent a discretization of continuous variables and the initial state is defined by a multivariate…

State preparation is a fundamental routine in quantum computation, for which many algorithms have been proposed. Among them, perhaps the simplest one is the Grover-Rudolph algorithm. In this paper, we analyse the performance of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Debora Ramacciotti , Andreea-Iulia Lefterovici , Antonio F. Rotundo

Quantum states that are symmetric under particle exchange play a crucial role in fields such as quantum metrology and quantum error correction. We use a variational circuit composed of global one-axis twisting and global rotations to…

Quantum state preparation by adiabatic evolution is currently rendered ineffective by the long implementation times of the underlying quantum circuits, comparable to the decoherence time of present and near-term quantum devices. These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-14 E. A. Coello Perez , J. Bonitati , D. Lee , S. Quaglioni , K. A. Wendt

We give quantum circuits that simulate an arbitrary two-qubit unitary operator up to global phase. For several quantum gate libraries we prove that gate counts are optimal in worst and average cases. Our lower and upper bounds compare…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Vivek V. Shende , Igor L. Markov , Stephen S. Bullock

We show how to prepare any graph state of up to 12 qubits with: (a) the minimum number of controlled-Z gates, and (b) the minimum preparation depth. We assume only one-qubit and controlled-Z gates. The method exploits the fact that any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-19 Adan Cabello , Lars Eirik Danielsen , Antonio J. Lopez-Tarrida , Jose R. Portillo

Many quantum algorithms rely on a quality initial state for optimal performance. Preparing an initial state for specific applications can considerably reduce the cost of probabilistic algorithms such as the well studied quantum phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-10 Alexandre Fleury , James Brown , Erika Lloyd , Maritza Hernandez , Isaac H. Kim

Minimizing the time required for quantum state preparation is crucial to mitigate decoherence and enable practical quantum algorithms on near-term hardware. In this work, we introduce a technique for quantum state preparation in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 K. De La Ossa Doria , T. Merlo Vergara , D. Goyeneche

Quantum state preparation is a fundamental primitive in quantum algorithms for encoding classical data into quantum amplitudes. We compare the cost of preparing general $n$-qubit states with real amplitudes using two common paradigms:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Diyi Liu , Hanyu Wang , Shuchen Zhu , Jason Cong , Wibe A. de Jong , Di Fang , Zhen Huang , Costin Iancu , Chao Yang

Preparation of quantum state lies at the heart of quantum information processing. The greedy algorithm provides a potential method to effectively prepare quantum states. However, the standard greedy algorithm, in general, cannot take the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-12 Run-Hong He , Hai-Da Liu , Sheng-Bin Wang , Jing Wu , Shen-Shuang Nie , Zhao-Ming Wang

While the capabilities of quantum hardware have significantly advanced in recent years, executing quantum algorithms as quantum circuits at the lowest possible cost remains crucial, regardless of the hardware progress. We are developing a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Toshiaki Kaji , Koji Terashi , Ryu Sawada

Existing quantum compilers optimize quantum circuits by applying circuit transformations designed by experts. This approach requires significant manual effort to design and implement circuit transformations for different quantum devices,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Mingkuan Xu , Zikun Li , Oded Padon , Sina Lin , Jessica Pointing , Auguste Hirth , Henry Ma , Jens Palsberg , Alex Aiken , Umut A. Acar , Zhihao Jia

Near-term quantum computers have significant error rates and short coherence times, so compilation of circuits to be as short as possible is essential. Two types of compilation problems are typically considered: circuits to prepare a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Aaron Szasz , Ed Younis , Wibe de Jong

We propose a general method for preparing stabilizer states with reduced two-qubit gate count and depth compared to the state of the art. The method starts from a graph state representation of the stabilizer state and iteratively reduces…

To achieve the practical applications of near-term noisy quantum devices, low-cost ways to mitigate the noise damages in the devices are essential. In many applications, the noiseless state we want to prepare is often a pure state, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-16 Zhenyu Cai

Qubit reuse offers a promising way to reduce the hardware demands of quantum circuits, but current approaches are largely restricted to reordering measurements and applying qubit resets. In this work, we present an approach to further…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-10 Damian Rovara , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille