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We present an algorithm for learning operators between Banach spaces, based on the use of Leray-Schauder mappings to learn a finite-dimensional approximation of compact subspaces. We show that the resulting method is a universal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Emanuele Zappala

We obtain a new universal approximation theorem for continuous (possibly nonlinear) operators on arbitrary Banach spaces using the Leray-Schauder mapping. Moreover, we introduce and study a method for operator learning in Banach spaces…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Emanuele Zappala

Transformers, and the attention mechanism in particular, have become ubiquitous in machine learning. Their success in modeling nonlocal, long-range correlations has led to their widespread adoption in natural language processing, computer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Edoardo Calvello , Nikola B. Kovachki , Matthew E. Levine , Andrew M. Stuart

The duality of uniform approximation property for Banach spaces is well known. In this note, we establish, under the assumption of local reflexivity, the duality of uniform approximation property in the category of operator spaces.

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2014-10-28 Yanqi Qiu

Neural operator architectures approximate operators between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces of functions. They are gaining increased attention in computational science and engineering, due to their potential both to accelerate…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-18 Samuel Lanthaler , Zongyi Li , Andrew M. Stuart

Given an operator ideal I, a Banach space E has the I-approximation property if operators on E can be uniformly approximated on compact subsets of E by operators belonging to I. In this paper the I- approximation property is studied in…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2010-09-16 Sonia Berrios , Geraldo Botelho

Operator learning refers to the application of ideas from machine learning to approximate (typically nonlinear) operators mapping between Banach spaces of functions. Such operators often arise from physical models expressed in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Nikola B. Kovachki , Samuel Lanthaler , Andrew M. Stuart

This paper studies approximation properties of linear sampling operators in general Banach lattices $X$. We obtain matching direct and inverse approximation estimates, convergence criteria, equivalence results involving special…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-28 Yurii Kolomoitsev

Operator learning based on neural operators has emerged as a promising paradigm for the data-driven approximation of operators, mapping between infinite-dimensional Banach spaces. Despite significant empirical progress, our theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Samuel Lanthaler

We study the approximation of nonlinear operators between function spaces by transformers. Our approach is to lift functions to measures supported on their graphs and leverage a recently introduced measure-theoretic view of transformers. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Takashi Furuya , David Mis , Ivan Dokmanić , Maarten V. de Hoop , Matti Lassas

In this paper, we study {\it operator spaces\/} in the sense of the theory developed recently by Blecher-Paulsen [BP] and Effros-Ruan [ER1]. By an operator space, we mean a closed subspace $E\subset B(H)$, with $H$ Hilbert. We will be…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2016-09-06 Gilles Pisier

A linear operator $U$ acting boundedly on an infinite-dimensional separable complex Hilbert space $H$ is universal if every linear bounded operator acting on $H$ is similar to a scalar multiple of a restriction of $U$ to one of its…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-05 Luciano Abadías , F. Javier González-Doña , Jesús Oliva-Maza

Several non-linear operators in stochastic analysis, such as solution maps to stochastic differential equations, depend on a temporal structure which is not leveraged by contemporary neural operators designed to approximate general maps…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2025-04-11 Luca Galimberti , Anastasis Kratsios , Giulia Livieri

We propose a unifying approach to many approximation properties studied in the literature from the 1930s up to our days. To do so, we say that a Banach space E has the (I,J,{\tau})-approximation property if E-valued operators belonging to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2013-07-31 Sonia Berrios , Geraldo Botelho

We study universal approximation of continuous functionals on compact subsets of products of Hilbert spaces. We prove that any such functional can be uniformly approximated by models that first take finitely many continuous linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Andrey Krylov , Maksim Penkin

We consider the action of finitely truncated singular integral operators on functions taking values in a Banach space. Such operators are bounded for any Banach space, but we show a quantitative improvement over the trivial bound in any…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-16 Tuomas Hytönen

The classical development of neural networks has primarily focused on learning mappings between finite dimensional Euclidean spaces or finite sets. We propose a generalization of neural networks to learn operators, termed neural operators,…

We construct a nonexpansive linear operator on the Gurarii space that "captures" all nonexpansive linear operators between separable Banach spaces. Some additional properties involving its restrictions to finite-dimensional subspaces…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2015-10-20 Joanna Garbulińska-Wȩgrzyn , Wiesław Kubiś

This article investigates the convergence properties of s-numbers of certain truncations of bounded linear operators between Banach spaces. We prove a generalized version of a known convergence result for the approximation numbers of…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-12-18 Deepesh K P

We present an overview to the approximation property, paying especial attention to the recent results relating the approximation property to ideals of linear operators and Lipschitz ideals. We complete the paper with some new results on…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2016-09-12 Pilar Rueda , Enrique A. Sanchez-Perez
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