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Hierarchical Multi-Label Classification (HMC) faces critical challenges in maintaining structural consistency and balancing loss weighting in Multi-Task Learning (MTL). In order to address these issues, we propose a classifier called HCAL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Ruobing Jiang , Mengzhe Liu , Haobing Liu , Yanwei Yu

Hierarchical Text Categorization (HTC) is becoming increasingly important with the rapidly growing amount of text data available in the World Wide Web. Among the different strategies proposed to cope with HTC, the Local Classifier per Node…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2012-06-05 Nima Hatami , Camelia Chira , Giuliano Armano

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) assigns documents to multiple levels of a pre-defined taxonomy. Automated patent subject classification represents one of the hardest HTC scenarios because of domain knowledge difficulty and a huge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Lekang Jiang , Wenjun Sun , Stephan Goetz

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) is essential for various real applications. However, HTC models are challenging to develop because they often require processing a large volume of documents and labels with hierarchical taxonomy.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 SangHun Im , Gibaeg Kim , Heung-Seon Oh , Seongung Jo , Donghwan Kim

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) aims to assign texts to structured label hierarchies; however, it faces challenges due to data scarcity and model complexity. This study explores the feasibility of using black box Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kosuke Yoshimura , Hisashi Kashima

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC) is a natural language processing task with the objective to classify text documents into a set of classes from a structured class hierarchy. Many HTC approaches have been proposed which attempt to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jaco du Toit , Herman Redelinghuys , Marcel Dunaiski

Hierarchical Text Classification (HTC), which aims to predict text labels organized in hierarchical space, is a significant task lacking in investigation in natural language processing. Existing methods usually encode the entire…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Wei Huang , Chen Liu , Yihua Zhao , Xinyun Yang , Zhaoming Pan , Zhimin Zhang , Guiquan Liu

Hierarchical multi-label academic text classification (HMTC) is to assign academic texts into a hierarchically structured labeling system. We propose an attention-based hierarchical multi-label classification algorithm of academic texts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Yue Wang , Yawen Li , Ang Li

We present a novel hierarchical triplet loss (HTL) capable of automatically collecting informative training samples (triplets) via a defined hierarchical tree that encodes global context information. This allows us to cope with the main…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Weifeng Ge , Weilin Huang , Dengke Dong , Matthew R. Scott

Multi-label text classification refers to the problem of assigning each given document its most relevant labels from the label set. Commonly, the metadata of the given documents and the hierarchy of the labels are available in real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Yu Zhang , Zhihong Shen , Yuxiao Dong , Kuansan Wang , Jiawei Han

Recent approaches in hierarchical text classification (HTC) rely on the capabilities of a pre-trained transformer model and exploit the label semantics and a graph encoder for the label hierarchy. In this paper, we introduce an effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Younes Yousef , Lukas Galke , Ansgar Scherp

Deep learning approaches exhibit promising performances on various text tasks. However, they are still struggling on medical text classification since samples are often extremely imbalanced and scarce. Different from existing mainstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Jiahuan Yan , Haojun Gao , Zhang Kai , Weize Liu , Danny Chen , Jian Wu , Jintai Chen

Hierarchical multi-label classification (HMLC) is essential for modeling complex label dependencies in remote sensing. Existing methods, however, struggle with multi-path hierarchies where instances belong to multiple branches, and they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Marjan Stoimchev , Boshko Koloski , Jurica Levatić , Dragi Kocev , Sašo Džeroski

Large-scale Multi-label Text Classification (LMTC) has a wide range of Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications and presents interesting challenges. First, not all labels are well represented in the training set, due to the very large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Ilias Chalkidis , Manos Fergadiotis , Sotiris Kotitsas , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Nikolaos Aletras , Ion Androutsopoulos

Recent years have witnessed increasing interests in developing interpretable models in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Most existing models aim at identifying input features such as words or phrases important for model predictions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Hanqi Yan , Lin Gui , Yulan He

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) learn powerful multimodal representations through large-scale image-text pretraining, but adapting them to hierarchical classification is underexplored. Standard approaches treat labels as flat categories and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Jiayu Li , Rajesh Gangireddy , Samet Akcay , Wei Cheng , Juhua Hu

Different from the traditional classification tasks which assume mutual exclusion of labels, hierarchical multi-label classification (HMLC) aims to assign multiple labels to every instance with the labels organized under hierarchical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Boli Chen , Xin Huang , Lin Xiao , Zixin Cai , Liping Jing

Efficient distributed numerical word representation models (word embeddings) combined with modern machine learning algorithms have recently yielded considerable improvement on automatic document classification tasks. However, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Roger A. Stein , Patricia A. Jaques , Joao F. Valiati

Hierarchical text classification (HTC) aims to assign one or more labels in the hierarchy for each text. Many methods represent this structure as a global hierarchy, leading to redundant graph structures. To address this, incorporating a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Fanshuang Kong , Richong Zhang , Ziqiao Wang

Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) is a task of central importance in the field of document image understanding. State-of-the-art methods for HTR require the use of extensive annotated sets for training, making them impractical for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Petros Georgoulas Wraight , Giorgos Sfikas , Ioannis Kordonis , Petros Maragos , George Retsinas